The Heroine of Louise Shivers Here to Get My Baby Out of Jail :: Here Get My Baby Out Jail

The Heroine of Louise Shivers Here to Get My Baby away of Jail Sleeping Beautys father was a king who love his daughter dearly. Unfortunately, however, he forgot to invite one of the oldest and most powerful of the fairies to the celebration of his daughters christening. Because of his forgetfulness, the princess was sentenced to one hundred years of sleep and inactivity. She was saved by a prince who do his way to her bedside and awakened her with a kiss of true love. Of course, they celebrated a glorious wedding and lived happily ever afterward. Roxy Walston, the heroine of Louise Shivers Here to Get My Baby Out of Jail, like Sleeping Beauty, Cinderella or Snow White, lived a tabby tale existence. All of the supporting roles were accounted for her father, Will Stanton (the king) her mean stepmother, Ruth her grandmother, Georgeanna (the fairy godmother) her husband, Aaron (the shining knight) and her lover, Jack, as Prince Charming. Even the evil witch is symbolized by the aura of death and foreboding of the funeral home--always preying, ready to devour the next unsuspecting victim. But unlike the princess in the fairy tale, Roxys fairy tale ended when she was awakened from her sleep by Jacks kiss. The lovers had shared many a romantic, passionate kiss, but the kiss--the one which brought Roxy out of her trance--was the spitty one after Jack had confessed to murdering Aaron. At this moment Roxy awakened to her own self-awareness and freed herself from Jacks sensual, magic spell. Only then did she tap into the strength she never knew she had. It was that strength, at first as pure as a tobacco seed, that enabled her to try to outlive her shame and move forward with her life as best she could. For one to understand and appreciate Roxys exposure and passivity, a discussion of her childhood will place in proper perspective her family relationships. Will Stanton was a braggy-boned man, a giant with a indulgent heart. One can imagine the sheer delight of hi s little girl as he surprised her with tangerines at Christmastime. She would slip her hand down into his big pocket and feel the white sack lining, looking for a Saturday nickel (Shivers 119). In Roxys eyes, her Daddy was omniscient, a virtual god. That idolization of her male parent is non unusual. Caryl Rivers, author of Beyond Sugar and Spice, tells us that to many a young girl, there is something magical about her father (50).

Kevlar Aramid Fiber :: essays research papers

STRUCTUREKevlar Aramid Fiber is a synthetic (man-made) material cognize as a Polymer. A polymer is a chain that is made up of many similar molecular groups, better known as monomers that be bonded in concert. Monomers ar made up of fourteen Carbon atoms, two Nitrogen atoms, two Oxygen atoms and ten Hydrogen atoms. A single Kevlar polymer chain could possibly fetch anywhere from one to five million monomers bonded together.A group of polymer chains can be organised together in a fiber. How the polymer chains are put together is important, as it improves the properties of the material. The flexibility, strength and stiffness of Kevlar fiber, is dependent on the orientation of the polymer chains. Kevlar fiber is an exhibition of molecules, orientated parallel to each other. This orderly, untangled arrangement of molecules is described as a Crystalline Structure. A manufacturing parade known as Spinning is needed to achieve this Crystallinity structure. Spinning is a process that involves forcing the liquefied polymer solution through a die (small holes). The Crystallinity of Kevlar Polymer strands, contributes to the unique strength and stiffness of the material. Kevlar is very similar to other common synthetic polymers, including Nylon, Teflon and Lycra. In all Polated to strength. Aromatic refers to the Carbon atoms attached in a ring, and Amides refers to a group of Carbon, Nitrogen and Hydrogen atoms. Kevlar fiber is therefore a Polyaromatic amide, as it has a high breaking strength.Polymer chains are long, individual chains, although they behave as if they are attached to each other. The individual chains are actually held together by Electrostatic Forces between molecules, also known as Hydrogen Bonds. Scientists discovered this, by using a special type of X-ray microscopy called XANES. This was competent to reveal the orientation of molecules in materials. It has also been discovered that the components of Kevlar fiber, have a radial orientation tha t is in a crystal. The crystal-like regularity is the largest contributing factor in the strength of Kevlar fiber. PROPERTIESIt is five times stronger, yet the same weight as steel. Kevlar Aramid fiber is an improved material, which is an extremely lightweight, man-made organic fiber. Kevlar fiber has a combine of properties, which have made Kevlar a very useful material. These include, high strength, low weight, high chemical resistance and high cut resistance. This material does not eat or rust and is also unaffected when placed in or under water.

The Public Education System :: Educational Learning Essays

The Public Education SystemThroughout my experience in the public school system, I have heard the line, What do I need to know this for anyway? close 1,057 times. It is not uncommon to hear students complain about the outlay of their education. Regardless, there seems to be a unanimous agreement that the youth needs education to succeed in life. What is education anyway and what does schooling accomplish? In his book, A Time to Learn George Wood provides a definition of education as making wise citizens and good neighbors who can think deeply and intelligently about issues of self and society, take c ar for and respect others, take care of their family needs, and contribute to the welfare of others (Glickman 48). Is school necessary for developing this type of educated citizen? If not, how is it we stripe success and how is school important in attaining that? The purpose of the public school system is to assure every child the natural right to an education. Currently, ever y raise in the nation has laws requiring attendance in school (grades K-12). There are also requirements on what subjects the students must learn. Standardized testing measures every students ability in these required subjects and assesses all tests equally. These high-stakes tests are used to determine the students achievement and their progression to the next level of schooling. Statistics show that students from poor families have lower test scores and are more likely to drop out then white, middle class students. When I think about it, I recall a line from a rap song about a southern black childs education in the public school system, Im making 300 on my SATs and I am equal. So then, why are these students, who are equal, performing so poorly in our public schools? To reach a conclusion we must examine the curriculum and standards, and their purpose.The movement toward standardization is generally concerned with the school districts responsibility to generate students that are proficient in basic reading, writing and math skills. These skills being the most indwelling for business transactions, political and professional relations and most every aspect of life in todays society. The students are assessed indiscriminately by tests merged around what the students are expected to know. The problem is that a students test score varies day-to-day.

Photos, Photography, and Images - The Superiority of Images Over Words :: Free Argumentative Essays

The Superiority of Images Over Words The battle for superiority and effectiveness between actors line and images is long and on-going. Both can be found everywhere, mostly in books, magazines, television, paintings, and movies. However, in more recent years, the dominance of images over delivery can be seen. In a world where better, faster, and easier communication is necessary, images are a far better option than words. Mitchell Stephens in By Means of the in sight A Pictures Worth, Ward Churchill in Crimes Against Humanity, and the director of Within These Walls, Mike Robe, concur that images such(prenominal) as gestures, symbols, and pictures have a wide expand and toilsome influence. In truth, painting is much more eloquent than speech, and often penetrates more deeply into ones heart (Stephens 473). Thus, images are more powerful than words because they communicate more clearly and concisely, cater for a wider and more diverse audience, and connect with people on a deeper level. Images such as pictures dominate words because they can relay messages in a clear and succinct manner. The purpose of being able to communicate in the most effective way accomplishable is to spread knowledge and information. However, when miscommunication becomes a factor and a problem, the quality of the knowledge being relayed becomes tainted. Stephens has found that images are a way to remedy this. He reasons that because order Primates are visual animals, and think best in pictorial or geometric terms, humans need images in order to fully explain and/or understand a concept (480). Unfortunately, the Nazis understood the power of this theory. Churchill found that while spreading anti-Semitic propaganda, the Nazis drew grotesque caricatures of Jewish faces (498). Immediately, messages of inferiority and hatred spread throughout Germany. Even without words, such pictures had a profound effect. It influenced average Germans to later indulge in the outright liquidation of Jewish vermin (501). Even though images were used negatively, it is clear that they have a deep effect on peoples perception and understanding. Words, however, cannot have the same effect. Because abstract words and emotions such as hate require a deep understanding, they can be put into images but are difficult to put into words (Stephens 480). Therefore, images remain sovereign over words because a single picture can depict complex emotions that no word or group of words can accomplish.

Death Penalty Essay -- essays research papers

Capital PunishmentCapital Punishment a.k.a. the death penalty. To knock off or not to kill. This is an extremely controversial question in todays society. The number of people who atomic number 18 for it still bank in the saying, an centerfield for an eye, a tooth for a tooth. These are the people who feel if you intentionally take the life of someone else, thusly yours should be taken as well. But then there are the other number of people who feel the death penalty should be banned because of its cruel and un and way of punishment. Should we keep it or not? And if it is kept, how do we determine who should be sentenced to death? An easy way to answer these questions is to totally nullify capital punishment completely. One reason why the death penalty is so controversial is because many feel its cruel ways of punishment are unnecessary, even if the crime is murder, whether it be premeditated or unintentional. They believe there are other ways of condemnation besides execution . In the case of an unintentional death feelings are that the perpetrators should have the right to live, just now have to face each day with the fact that they killed someone weighing on their conscience. On the other hand, such as with a voluntary murder, the ideas are somewhat similar. They believe the murderer doesnt deserve the death penalty. Chances are if a person is insane enough to kill another human being in the first place, they arent going to care what happens to them. They 2realize that their execution, in closely cases, is going to be short and painless. This isnt a just punishment for someone who has inflicted severe pain upon another life. Our address system, after initiating a life sentence without parole, should not offer these killers the comforts they have in jail. They should be treated more or less like animals. In short, let the ones who institute a crime unwillingly live, but do not let the punishment be as severe as it would for a voluntary criminal. The re are a vast number of people who believe that increasing the use of the death penalty will abate the crime rate. Not true. While a criminal is in the process of committing a crime, chances are that he is not contemplating what his punishment will be for his actions. More than likely his thoughts are upon getting what he wants, whether it be something tangible, such as money, or something as ... ... use of capital punishment will not affect the crime rate of an area in any such way. The third and possibly the most important reason why capital punishment should be eliminated is because what is stated in the Bible. The sixth commandment specifically says Thou shalt not kill. If someone is executed, our court system is deliberately defying our Lords laws. John 87 says, Let he who is without sin cast the first stone. This supports the idea that only a man who is not a sinner has the right to eliminate someone from this Earth. Many feel the only person or being who is without sin is Go d. They to a fault believe that He is the only existence who has the right to take someones life, or cast the first stone. Which in turn means we as humans are not entitled to that privilege. 3The use of capital punishment in todays society is an incredibly controversial put under which will require a great deal of contemplation to answer the questions to kill or not to kill? Many feel that the annihilation of this manage will solve a large number of the problems and questions about the death penalty that haunt our society today. How did you find cheater.com? friend

Death Penalty Essay -- essays research papers

Capital PunishmentCapital Punishment a.k.a. the goal penalty. To kill or non to kill. This is an extremely controversial question in todays society. The number of people who are for it still rely in the saying, an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth. These are the people who feel if you intentionally take the life of someone else, then yours should be taken as well. But then thither are the other number of people who feel the death penalty should be banned beca part of its cruel and unjust way of penalty. Should we keep it or not? And if it is kept, how do we determine who should be sentenced to death? An easy way to answer these questions is to totally nullify capital punishment comp permitely. One reason why the death penalty is so controversial is because military many feel its cruel ways of punishment are unnecessary, even if the crime is murder, whether it be premeditated or unintentional. They deliberate there are other ways of condemnation besides execution. In the cas e of an unintentional death feelings are that the perpetrators should start out the right to live, but have to face each day with the fact that they killed someone weighing on their conscience. On the other hand, such as with a voluntary murder, the ideas are evenhandedly similar. They believe the murderer doesnt deserve the death penalty. Chances are if a person is insane enough to kill another human being in the first place, they arent going to care what happens to them. They 2realize that their execution, in most cases, is going to be short and painless. This isnt a just punishment for someone who has inflicted severe pain upon another life. Our court administration, after initiating a life sentence without parole, should not offer these killers the comforts they have in jail. They should be treated more or less like animals. In short, let the ones who institute a crime un entrustingingly live, but do not let the punishment be as severe as it would for a voluntary criminal. T here are a vast number of people who believe that change magnitude the use of the death penalty will abate the crime rate. Not true. While a criminal is in the process of committing a crime, chances are that he is not contemplating what his punishment will be for his actions. More than likely his thoughts are upon getting what he wants, whether it be something tangible, such as money, or something as ... ... use of capital punishment will not affect the crime rate of an area in any such way. The third and possibly the most grand reason why capital punishment should be eliminated is because what is stated in the Bible. The sixth commandment specifically says Thou shalt not kill. If someone is executed, our court system is deliberately defying our Lords laws. John 87 says, Let he who is without sin cast the first stone. This supports the idea that only a man who is not a sinner has the right to eliminate someone from this Earth. Many feel the only person or being who is without sin is God. They also believe that He is the only existence who has the right to take someones life, or cast the first stone. Which in turn means we as valet de chambre are not entitled to that privilege. 3The use of capital punishment in todays society is an incredibly controversial issue which will require a great deal of contemplation to answer the questions to kill or not to kill? Many feel that the annihilation of this practice will solve a large number of the problems and questions about the death penalty that haunt our society today. How did you find cheater.com? friend

The Black Power Movement

The Black Power Movement During and after the days of Jim Crow, blacks in the United States were economic entirelyy and socially oppressed. Blacks still faced glower wages than whites, sequestration of public amenities and racial discrimination. At this time many groups were created to challenge these injusticces. The Black Power Movement and the Civil Rights movement were standardised because they both fought for equal rights and equal treatment for African Americans. However, they sought to achieve different goals and implemented different forms of action to achieve change. The CivilRights Movement fought for integrating and believed in non-violence, while the Black Power Movement disclaimed integration for racial seperation (Jefferies, 2006). In this essay, I am going to further discuss the tactical manoeuvre used by the Black Power Movement to gain change, and the accomplishements they achieved. Emerging after the civil rights movement of the 1950s, the Black Power Movement was arguably bingle of the most influential and controversial movements of the 20th century. Black Power as a political idea originated in the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committe (SNCC) n the mid 1960s (Jeffereies, 2006). At this time a leader emerged by the name of Stokley Carmichael. Upon gaining leadership, Carmichael ejected white members and believed that the only way to bring about change for blacks was to have an all black union. Stokleley Carmichael believed that Black Power would instill a fear in whites and love in blacks ( Carmichael, 1967). In 1966, Huey Newton and Bobby Seale formed the Black Panther fellowship for Self Defense (BPP) in Oakland California. By the late 1960s, the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee SNCC) and the Black Panther Party for Self Defense began to gain momentum. Martin Luther poof Jr imitated Ghandi and his use of non-violebnce to gain India independence from Great Britain. Because of the Civil Rights Momvement, in 1964 the Civi l Rights Act was passed and a year later the Voting Rights Act was passed, ending segregation and ultimately gave blacks the right to vote (Muse,1968). However, non-violent protestors were being beaten, cut with razors and knives, hot cigarettes and cigars were burnt into their arms and aces, they were spat upon and kicked to the floor, policemen locked them up by the thousands into cramped unsanitary jails (Muse,1968). Even with the self-explanatory progress, discrimination could not be eliminated. Many members of the SNCC grew tired of the non-violent approach used by King and other groups within the Civil Rights Organization. Increasing members of the SNCC had come to reject the moderate path of cooperation, integration and assimilation of their elders (Ogbar,2005). Divisions grew betweeen the Civil Rights Movement and the Black Panther Movement. The eaders of the Black Power Movement argued that assimilation or integration robs blacks of their personal identity and dignity (Al gernon, 2003). Malcom X, a member of the nation of Islam, believed that Africans historically fought to protect their lands, cultures and freedoms from European Colonists, and that to seek to integrate into a society that has stolen ones people and their wealthiness is an act of treason (Algernon, 2003). As a result, aggressively more radical voices came foward to challenge racial discrimination. Black Power advocates began to insist the Blacks carry guns and receive ilitary culture in order to protect themselves. Members of the Panthers openly carried weapons and made death threats towards police officers. The Black Panthers sought to oppose police brutality in African American neighborhoods. Police Officers were frequently followed by armed Black Panthers The Black Panthers staged violent protests which often resulted in the death of Panthers and Police officers. From 1967 to 1969, nine police officers were killed and 56 were wounded in confrontations with the panthers (Marine, 1969

Plato and Gettier on Knowledge Essay

Plato in one of his most famous earliest dialogue Meno tried to return a new way of explaining how we humans acquire liveledge. The communal notion of the ancient Greeks and purge to our times on how we acquire knowledge is the characteristic of knowledge to be taught and learned. Knowledge in a sense is an away entity that resides outside ourselves. We learn outside of ourselves through our environment or other people that try to teach us. However, the events and flow of discussion in Meno had convinced Plato to issue a new framework that lead be able to discuss how we acquire knowledge.Platos basic discussion says that knowledge acquisition is more in fact a matter of recollection rather than learning. We acquire knowledge and ideas from the inside of ourselves and not through the lessons outside ours. Plato rooted this from the belief of the priest and diviners and even philosophers to the immortality of the soul. The soul had existed since time immemorial making it able to know everything it needs to know. Whatever knowledge and ideas had already been embedded on the soul because of immortal existence.However, as the soul transfer from one body to another body because of the mortality of the human body, Plato argued that as the body withers and dies, all the knowledge atomic number 18 forget and put into background. From here, Plato would argue for the knowledge acquisition to be a matter of recollection and remembering of the knowledge and ideas already possessed by the soul. Plato believed that whatever we know is a recollected and remembered idea of the souls former existence.This concept was explained by Socrates to Meno with the help of Menos hard worker. Socrates called the slave and requested many questions regarding geometry and the measurement of some shapes. Socrates tried to ask some questions that direct the slave to answer them rightfully. It is important to note the slave is uneducated in the classical sense. However, through Socra tes questions, he managed to enable to direct the slave towards right answers. This had help to prove to Meno that the soul already possessed the knowledge and opinions about everything.For Plato, this knowledge dismiss be accessed by examining ourselves and with yourself or someone communicate the right questions that will redirect you to the knowledge and ideas inside your soul. Knowledge is defined in its justification, truth and being a belief. After discussing the nature of knowledge and how we laughingstock acquire it, Socrates and Meno moved on to discuss to define opinion and its relevance on the affairs of man. The task is simple, to define opinion (true opinion) and to contrast it to knowledge.Primarily, Socrates acknowledged the eccentric of a good opinion in the human affairs. He did not disregard it completely but rather understand its use in some cases. In fact, he acknowledges the inclination of virtuous men to rely on their true opinion to do good things. However , Socrates clearly undermines opinion even they are good when it is contrasted to knowledge. For Plato, an opinion does not last long and easily withers in contrast to knowledge that has the capability to last eternally.The main difference lies on the presence of a rationality and grounds on knowledge and its absence of an n opinion. He used the example of a statue. He stated that the statue with that is tied(p) in a good foundation will be able to last longer compare to a statue that is not tied. For Socrates, though an opinion can produce the same awe to an observer, it is a natural tendency for humans to ask the question of why and how. These questions cannot be answered by an opinion because of its absence of ground. In this sense, knowledge exceeds an opinion.This definition of knowledge that is characterized by Plato which is defined as a justified true belief had dominated from the ancient Greeks up to the mid-late 20th century. The popular belief that knowledge for it to b e referred as knowledge must be able to satisfy three basic characteristics, which is (1) justification (2) truth (3) belief was questioned by Edmund Gettiers paper entitled Is Justified True Belief Knowledge? . This short paper that had managed to provide a doubt to the long tradition in epistemology that considers knowledge to be a justified true belief.Edmund Gettier provided to two cases or examples will put in to question the long era of this ancient belief. He presented a case in which the three conditions are present namely justification, truth, belief yet unable to be count as knowledge because of the figure out of other factors. In Gettiers examples which were referred as Gettiers cases, the three criteria were only made possible by some elements of luck and chance which clearly profane it to be knowledge.This put an end to a long tradition of considering knowledge by the virtue of three elements of justification, truth and belief. Though the paper of Gettier did not prov ide an alternative view or solution to his problem, responses on his paper can be summarized to the attempts of many philosophers to look or find out for the fourth criteria that will make the definition of knowledge. Works Cited Plato. Grube G. M. A. (trans) Cooper, John (rev) Five dialogues. 2002. Hacket Publishing Company Inc. IN. Print Gettier. Edmund. Is Justified True Belief Knowledge? Web.

Problems in implementing a self-regulation system: the case of a young advertising industry Essay

Advertising can be both beneficial and noisome to the consumers. However, in the perspective of kids, they might think that advert is good, essentially when they gravel into contact with something that entices them. Honestly, advertising is bad for kids. The primary objective of the advertisers is to market their products for people to buy. Besides, if we be happy with the way things are, then we develop less interest to buy. This is the conundrum of the advertisers they subtly try to make the consumers unhappy so that the chances of buying advertised goods get facilitated. The advertisers develop mechanisms to persuade the consumers to buy the products. In many occasions, most of what the advertisers are selling are images or a lifestyle rather than the product itself. Average Americans gets exposed to 3, 000 advertisement per day, thus, by the time of graduation in high up school, and they will have watched 350, 000 television commercials. In the bulletins of the commercials, the consumers still have to go through the photo-shop besides putting ton makes ups from the advertisers. Therefore, it is an illusion of their real appearance.Advertisement is through with(p) on television, radios, internet, billboards, cellphones and magazines. As Higgins, (2008) put it, advertising is a legalized lying. This is standing the truth because some of the products advertised provide different information to the real product. For advertisement targeting at boys, they develop the notion that violence is the answer to devising fun among them. However, for young ladys, they show that dolls and makeup is their interest. consort to Zabkar & Jancic, (2004) as a young girl sees advertisement for makeups, the information derived is to advise them to try the product and that provides comfort for them at young age. Advertising makes kids lose their creativity and imagination. Hence, the more they get exposed to advertisements, the more they develop an addiction and instead of creating time to play and socialize with peers, they rather get glued inside watching television which is unhealthy. According to research evidence, 16 percent of the kid are overweight and need to play because they are inactive. Televisions continually brainwash many kids with advertising.Advertising is an important institution because it provides the required information and friendship around the products and services. However, ethical standards in advertisement must be observed. Many ethical concerns have been raised by myriad stakeholders in the company of advertising. Ethics, broadly speaking referred to as the domain of inquiry is a discipline in which matters of wrong and right, virtue and vice, good and evil are systematically examined. Advertisement ethics examines advertising morality and advertising systematically. Advertising of toys, none violent games and sugar loaded focuses on the children who are the highest consumers in the market. Besides, decisions on adver tisement are ab expose making morally right decisions. The morality of advertisement includes all parts of sourcing of product quality and pricing. Scholars have viewed ethical behaviour in dissimilar ways however, it is ground on the experiences and personal values (Taylor, 2008). Ethical advertisement forms the marketing strategies of the company. However, it all counts on the company objectives and what they know is expected by the consumers in the product.Theoretical cash advance to Ethics in Advertising The publication of the affluent society provided influential and important critique of advertising. It argues that businesses concentrate on generating rather than foc development on consumer satisfaction. The memory access claims that the company system has assumed sufficient power and size to render the consumer on making personal decision such as what and how much is produced. Ideally, this characterizes the revise sequence-a two-dimensional denial of the accepted sequ ence of the independence of the consumer, which accords the economic system power to the separate. Besides, the modern industrialized countries had an effectively planned economy ruled by large corporations with minimal respect to the interests of the public. Galbraith also observed the massive expenditures for creating a huge scale. Elsewhere, in 1958, Packard populist work titled the hidden persuaders brought moral concerns about consumer manipulation.Besides, Bentham on his personal argument would oppose advertisement. The utilitarianism theory, however do not offer a clear-cut opposition for advertisement. He asserts that he greatest ecstasy of the greatest number gets determined by the consulting the hedonic calculus. Therefore, it is of fair reasoning that the advertisement is bad for the kids. However, he argues that if greater happiness is achieved through advertisement, then thither is no harm. But the consequence is what counts. Based on the utilitarianism advertisement is harmful to kids due to its unhealthy consequences. On the other hand, Kant would declare in no authorized terms are advertisement beneficial for the kids. What is wrong is wrongperiod. The theory argues that it is wrong because it translates to fraud. Advertisement on kids is cheating them and treating the kids as end agent. As Kant puts it, this violates the categorical imperative (Kopf, 2009). Besides, the advertising consequences are irrelevant in determining the ethical or unethical of the advertisements. Dishonesty is dishonesty and advertisement to kids is immoral. The duty of an individual is to speciate the truth, to be honest in the information given.Mumel, Pisnik, Horvat & Makovec, (2013) explain the Rand theory by noting that he would oppose advertisement since it compost of dishonesty, however not on deontological grounds. Besides, dishonesty is harmful since it has dire consequences on the lives of the consumers especially the kids. Providing false information in the advertisement is dishonesty because it is a pretense that the product is not what is advertised. Besides, refusal by the attention system to perceive the facts I like shutting the eyes of the consumers to reality. According to the theory, advertising is unethical because advertising to kids operates to destroy and negates the objective and necessary reason for promoting the consumers lives.Dishonesty denies the consumers the efficacy to make individual decisions thus depends on other peoples opinions. According to Rawls, he would conclude that advertisement is unjust, period. Advertisement is harmful since it violates the principle of equal liberty of minimal economic and social inequality. Therefore, according to Rawls, it is ethical to raise a person from poverty to security than to provide the individual with an equal amount of wealth or societal well-being. Ethics, he argues, requires financial gain sacrifices in order to hold justice for the consumers who are least advanta ged.According to his theoretical work, he insists that what is wrong is wrong. It is wrong due to its dishonesty. Conversely, the advertisement industry is cheating the kids with their advertisements.Conclusion Advertising is widely bombarded by critics. Besides, it is accused of promoting consumption and materialism, using sex cell, stereotyping, of causing people to buy the product they need, manipulating consumer behaviour or of taking advantage of children and overall it contributes to the downfall of the social system. The advertisement critics abound. Since hardly a week can go without some company or advertisement or the advertising industry being focal point of controversy. Even if the consumer argues it out that they hold the sovereignty of the economy, the industry of advertisement does not provide an ethical justification of the traditional marketing theory. The emergence of ethical concerns in organizations is a mazy phenomenon that incorporates social interaction an d individual interpretation. Theorizing about ethics needs to reflect and match the complexityReferencesHiggins, N. (August 20, 2008). Advertising ethics. New Scientist, 199, 2670.)Kopf, D. A. (2009). Marketing, information and economic growth.Mumel, D., Pisnik, K. A., Horvat, M., & Makovec, N. (January 01, 2013). What are the characteristics of a good ad for children aged 9 to 12? Creators and parents perspective. Marketing Theory Challenges in Emerging Societies.Taylor, G. (August 20, 2008). Advertising ethics. New Scientist, 199, 2670.)Zabkar, V., & Jancic, Z. (January 01, 2004). Problems in implementing a self-regulation system the case of a young advertising industry. Economic and Business Review, 6, 2.)Source document

Ryanair: Its Vulnerability and Exposure to the Environment

Ryanair Its vulnerability and exposure to the macroeconomic environment Business vulnerability is a measure of how susceptible an organization is to away events and the possible eventful impact on its business costs and cyberspace. In this essay, I will assess the vulnerability of Ryanair and its degree of expose to macroeconomic shocks. I will overly analyse Ryanairs performance since 2000 in comparison to its rival BA, as soundly as their strategies in how effective they ar in raising profits and minimizing their exposure.Ryanair is a low cost Irish airline and wizard of the most profitable in the airline industry. However, it plenty be seen as un defended and assailable to macroeconomic shocks. To a degree this is due to Irelands openness. Desmond Gillmor describes it as one of the most open of economies, and be reach of this high degree of openness, the economy is strongly influenced by the outer conditions prevailing in the international economic system. (Gillmor 1985 , p. 5) The airline industry in which Ryanair operates is reasonably elastic as shown below. (Knight, B. 2006, p. 14)From the graph, one tail end see that if the GDP increases or decreases by 1 per cent, the demand for air travel will increase or decrease by 1. 7 per cent air travel and Ryanair is fairly exposed. A cockeyeds average total cost curve (shown below) and the steepness of it can express the firms vulnerability. The steepness of the curve is gener wholey determined by the scale of fixed costs and as a result, those firms will experience more volatility in their financial performance. In addition, increase returns to labour which is particularly found in professional answers too impacts on the gradient.Furthermore, firms which are dependent on external inputs, for example, in construction, are vulnerable to shifts in the curve due to increases in the costs of their inputs. output saucer e. g. shoe shiner flute glass e. g. airlines ATC output saucer e. g. shoe shiner flute e. g. airlines ATC The flute curve shown above reinforces the vulnerability of Ryanair due to its steepness. This can be explained by high fixed costs such as a titanic number of fleet and the heavy dependency on external inputs such as fuel.The graph below shows that since 2003 Ryanair has more than doubled their fleet to 163 aircraft. (Ryanair, 2008, p. 3) The latest chairmans insure released by Ryanair reports on the effect of fuel prices The high and rising price of fuel is of major concern to Ryanair and the entire air industry. persist year our hedging programme delivered fuel at an average cost of $65 per barrel. Today we are facing prices of approximately $130 a barrel. Ryanair has responded to these higher(prenominal) oil prices by reducing costs across all other areas. (Ryanair, 2008, p. ) They are also exposed to fluctuations in foreign exchange rates, the extent to which they do a loss of over 5m due to changes in the American dollar and British Sterling ex change rates against the euro. This exposure can be minimise by hedging with financial derivatives. Even though Ryanair incur costs that they acquit little control over such as fuel, there are others that will influence the costs per seat-km flown that they can influence. These include aircraft utilisation, aircraft turnround times, seat pitch, the use of fewer crew and cheaper secondary airports, along with direct selling and paperless ticketing. (Pitfield, D. E. 2007, p. 77) These factors all form a part of Ryanairs strategy to penetrate the foodstuff further and restrict its vulnerability by exploiting market imperfections. Ryanair has responded to these higher oil prices by reducing costs across all other areas. A company wide pay freeze was implemented and redundancies have been suffered at our Dublin label centre. Significant cost reductions have also been achieved on airport, maintenance, and handling contracts, and we will benefit from the addition to our fleet of cheap er and more fuel efficient aircraft.We have also increased our charges for baggage and airport check-in as we continue to encourage passengers to avail of web check-in and travel with carry on luggage only. (Ryanair, 2008, p. 4) They have even gone as far as planning to close down their check-in desks and the possibility of charging passengers to use the on-flight toilet facilities. Source Ryanair Annual Reports Ryanair is one of the largest airlines in terms of passenger numbers (REF) and has continuously grown in size and value over time as shown above.The extent of such an expanding firm is conveyed over the last eight years as Ryanairs profits have more than quadrupled. However, there have been drops in profits in 2004 and 2008. In 2004, the airline was hugely affected by the conflicts in Iraq, the refreshed threat of terrorism and endless increasing oil prices. However, in this same period, Ryanair managed to launch red-hot bases in Rome and Barcelona, launch 73 new routes, t akeover their competitor Buzz for a knock-down price and carry more passengers than BA in the European market.The reason for the decrease in profits in 2008 was due to increases in fuel prices and significantly increased airport charges, particularly at their largest bases at Stansted and Dublin. British Airways, a competitor to Ryanair, has reviewed its short-haul operations and is planning to spend a portion of its marketing budget promoting shorter haul flights. However, they believe that services such as in-flight refreshments and business class seats are expected by their customers, and intend not to cut back on these services but focus on this differentiation and thereby create market imperfections.In the journal article titled Easyjet and Ryanair flying high on the Southwest model, Chris Avery, an analyst at JP Morgan, believes that the resolution to the threats from low cost airlines by BA has been perfect. They acknowledged that they were no longer the publics favored prov ider and have interpreted measures to, not only, protect their primary market, but also to learn from their rivals. With BAs key financial figures reported in British pounds and Ryanairs in Euros in their respective(prenominal) annual reports, there is difficulty in comparing them. Nevertheless, I will look at other key statistics. (Ryanair, 2008, p. ) Looking at the figures above, one can see that Ryanair charges passengers considerably lower, including no fuel surcharge. This is one for Ryanairs USP and such low costs form a barrier for new entrants. (Ryanair, 2008, p. 7) With regards to consumer satisfaction, Ryanairs service is greater than that provided by BA. Source Mintel From above, one can see that Ryanair have the second largest number of active aircraft behind BA. Nevertheless, if the average age of the fleet is taken into account, Ryanair has one of the largest young fleet. However, one cant disregard the different sizes of the two firms.Since British Airways is a larger firm compared to Ryanair and offers different services, as well as owning a larger fleet of aircrafts, it may be more greatly exposed to the external environment. To be able to manage these uncontrollable external shocks, Ryanair needs to reduce its vulnerability and exposure to the market. To do this, its total cost curve needs to become gentler (and like a saucer as shown on page 2). This can be explained by reducing the airlines fixed costs and that a downturn in demand will cause profits to fall but not as much as previously.Also, with the average fare being 22 cheaper than its local rival Easyjet (see page 5), Ryanair could stand up their price and still retain their customers. Ryanair operates in an oligopoly Q Price Q Price Above the kink, the demand is relatively elastic as all other firms prices remain unchanged. However, below the kink, demand is relatively inelastic because all the competitors will introduce a similar price cut which would eventually lead to a price war . Consequently, the optimal output is that at the kink. Ryanair have decided to offer all passengers on all routes their lowest fare guarantee.On those very rare cause when passengers find a lower promotional fare on a competitor airline for a similar itinerary then we will mirthfully refund them double the loss. (Ryanair, 2008, p. 6) This ensures customers, especially in a downturn were consumers are looking for the cheapest prices. Consequently, if Ryanair want to achieve supernormal profits, they need to erect barriers to entry and view as the airline industry non-contestable. Such barriers can be placed by enhancing Ryanairs current supply chain.For example by solely operating Boeing 737 jets Ryanair can keep training, maintenance and operating costs in check. In January 2003 a massive order for 100 of the latest 737-800 variants worth $6 billion was proclaimed in response to the airlines escalating success. ( anon. 2004, p. 5-6) This is unlike its competitors who have mo re than one type of aircraft. Also, they could try and offshore the administrative side of the organisation to reduce their costs, as well as invest less in advertisement and try to offer more services to compete against BAs new proposed plan and to differentiate themselves further.Such differentiating ideas include launching a new all-frills airline for flights to USA. Furthermore, since Ryanair has received previous criticism, they could strengthen the barriers by investing in the brand. Their competitors are hale to incur the same costs to build their brands to contest the industry, as well as new entrants. This reduces market contestability and enhances profits. If they fail, this sunk cost cant be recouped. London to Genoa (GOA), Hamburg (HAM), Pisa (PSA), Stockholm, and Venice. (Pitfield, D. E. 2007, p. 78)The table above shows the market share achieved by Ryanair in 2003, in the first month and year of operation. There seems to be a difference between the Italian destination s and the other two. However, the Venice route also looks closer in character to the other northern European destinations in that although the initial market perceptiveness is good, it does not grow as rapidly as GOA or PSA. This is almost certainly because of the competition offered by easyJet from STN to VCE. It seems that where competition is less and a dominant market role is achieved, large market shares can be achieved.The resulting market share is less if there is more competition. (Pitfield, D. E. 2007, p. 79) Consequently, to mediate this threat against opposition, Ryanair could analyse their current routes and by chance switch from more competitive routes to those that are currently non-existent, for example, Norway. Finally, to increase its market share, Ryanair could seek to takeover a competitor. Having successfully taken over Buzz in 2003, Ryanair have mixed experiences with this strategy with two unsuccessful attempts to takeover Aer Lingus in 2006 and 2008.In the latter case, the approach was rejected due to valuation and competition grounds an aviation monopoly would not have been in the best interests of Irish consumers. References Anon. (2004) Industrious times at British Airways and Ryanair Winning the battle for the skies. Strategic Direction. 20 (4), 4-6. Anon. (2006) Easyjet and Ryanair flying high on the Southwest model. Strategic Direction. 22 (6), 18-21. BBC News. (2009a). Ryanair to abolish check-in desks. Online. ready(prenominal) at http//news. bbc. co. uk/1/hi/business/7903656. tm Accessed 15 April 2009 BBC News. (2009b). Ryanair mulls charge for toilets. Online. Available at http//news. bbc. co. uk/1/hi/business/7914542. stm Accessed 15 April 2009 BBC News. (2009c). Ryanair launches new Norway route. Online. Available at http//news. bbc. co. uk/1/hi/scotland/edinburgh_and_east/8024769. stm Accessed 15 April 2009 Black, F. (2007) OLeary plans new all-frills airline for flights to US. Independent. ie, Online Available at http/ /www. independent. ie/national-news/oleary-plans-new-allfrills-airline-for-flights-to-us-43198. tml Accessed 15 April 2009 Gillmor, D. (1985) Economic Activities in the Republic of Ireland A Geographical Perspective. Dublin Gill and Macmillan Ltd. IATA (2007) Scheduled Passengers Carried. Online Available at http//www. iata. org/ps/publications/wats-passenger-carried. htm Accessed 15 April 2009 Knight, B. (2006) EC1310 Topic 5. Pitfield, D. E. (2007) Ryanairs Impact on Airline Market Share from the London Area Airports A Time series Analysis. Journal of Transport Economics and Policy. 41 (1) Jan 07, 7592. Reuters UK. (2009).UPDATE 4-Ryanair concedes defeat in Aer Lingus bid. Online. Available at http//uk. reuters. com/article/rbssIndustryMaterialsUtilitiesNews/idUKLM15889320090122? =undefinedsp=true Accessed 15 April 2009 Ryanair. (2008) Annual Report 2008. Online Available at http//www. ryanair. com/site/EN/about. php? page=Investsec=downloadref=2008 Accessed 10 April 2009 1 . B BC News. (2009a) 2 . BBC News. (2009b) 3 . Black, F. (2007) 4 . BBC News. (2009c) 5 . Reuters UK. (2009)

How to Make Southern Style Spaghetti

A process analysis explains in step-by-step fashion how something works or how something is through or made. In this process analysis, I will be explaining how to make my favorite function I would like to call it, Southern Style Spaghetti. This is my how-to-essay. acquire Started Making Southern Style Spaghetti is just as simple as making your traditional spaghetti with a twist. First thing you need ar your ingredients which are 2lbs. spaghetti noodles 2 lbs. ground beef or turkey 5 lbs. rumettes 1lb. of peeled shrimp 1lb sausage balloon links 2 onions(chopped) 1 thou pepper(chopped) 1lb cheddar cheese 2 cups of milk ? cup chopped parsley 4-6 qt. boiling pointing water 64oz. spaghetti sauce Bring 4qrts. of water to a boil. Add 5lbs. of drumettes to boiling water. Boil bellyacher for 20-25mins. or until chicken is partially tender. / put aside. In a separate pot bring 2 cups of water to a boil, add shrimp and boil for 10-15mins. / put aside. Brown 2lbs. of ground beef or turke y. / put aside.Boil your noodles for 5-7 mins. or until it reaches it desired texture. Drain water and rinse your noodles. / put aside. Cut your uncooked sausage into dices or desired shape. ( I prefer half-circle shapes) In a big bowl, mix all of your meats together. / put aside. Then in a large boneheaded stew pot, mix your noodles and spaghetti sauce and bring to a boil. Add your bowl of meats, reduce heat to a simmer. Add your 2 chopped onions, chopped green peppers, parsley, and 2 cups of milk and stir for 2 minutes.Cover and let simmer for 20-25mins. stirring occasionally. Remove from heat then sprinkle top with the desired amount of cheese, backbone and let stand for 10mins. serve and enjoy. Makes 10-15 servings. For Baked Southern Style Spaghetti, follow the same instructions, but you should preheat oven to 375 degrees. Use a large deep dish cooking pan to pour everything into. (mix all ingredients together before pouring into pan. ) Cover with foil, place on center rack and bake on 375 degrees for 30-35 mins.Remove foil from pan then continue to bake for an additional 15-20mins, or until cheese browns. Remove from oven and let stand 10mins, and then serve. When making your Southern Style Spaghetti, you may drop down or add more meat depending on your taste. You may also add more vegetables. Remember to reduce your heat when simmering to avoid heat at the bottom of your pot. I suggest serving your spaghetti with garlic bread and salad. If the directions are followed correctly, youre in for a great treat. This is delicious, guaranteed.

Analysis of Bao-yu’s dream in Cao Xueqin’s ‘Story of the Stone’ Essay

The account of the St atomic number 53 by Cao Xueqin is an animated, lively account of life story in a large Chinese ho practicehold in the mid-18th century Qing dynasty. It remains a fascinating novel for modern readers with its vivid and detailed descriptions of the minutiae of fooling life from clothing, food and interior design to education, marriage and death. For all its realism however, The Story of the Stone is not crop entirely in reality. The very forego of the whole tale, that of a single tremble left out of the goddess Nu-was repairing of the sky, is one based on a magico-religious dreaming world. The rock is found by a Buddhist and a Taoist who take it waste to the mortal world where it lives out a human life, that of Jia Bao-yu, earlier attaining Nirvana. Once a rock once again, a Taoist copies the inscription on its surface from beginning to end and took it back with him to look for a publisher. Cao Xueqins emphasis on dreams squirt be seen in the alternati ve titles for his masterpiece. A Dream of Red Mansions is the title by which the book is possibly most commonly known. Twelve Young Ladies of Jinling is alike a title suggested in chapter one. Both of these titles refer to the same dream. As David Hawkes explains, hong lou, blushful mansion, has the more pickyised meaning of the re sidences of the daughters of rich men and thus, the late ladies themselves. The dream alluded to in these appellations occurs in the fifth chapter of volume one, The Golden Days. full cousin Zhens wife, You-shi, has invited the women of the Rong-guo offer, accompanied by Bao-yu, round for a flower viewing party. Need slight to say, Bao-yu presently tires and asks to take a nap. Rather than going back to the Rong mansion, the wife of his nephew, Jia Rong, leads him to her chamber to sleep. Bao-yu immediately drops off into a vivid dream world. He meets the queer of disillusionment who shows him to the Land of Illusion and into the Department of the Ill-Fated Fair. Within this department is housed the Jinling, Twelve Beauties of, Main memorialize, a record of the twelve most notable newfangled-bearing(prenominal)s in Bau-yus own province of Jinling. The fairy of Disenchantment allows Bao-yu to read the tidy sums of the twelve girls as recorded in the form of four-line verses. Bao-yu sess make little star of what he reads. Later, the quatrains atomic number 18 expanded into a series of twelve songs entitled A Dream of Golden Days. While the words are sung by a troupe of entertainers, Bao-yu reads along with the manuscript. He still does not understand. Indeed, both the verses in the shew and in the song-cycle contain allusions and metaphors not immediately obvious and not easily deciphered. Yet at a most basic level, they provide an outline of the destiny of twelve principle female acknowledgments in The Story of the Stone. Their fate unfolds throughout the course of the five volume novel. The Golden Days therefore, i s only the beginning. But, by the end of the first volume, to what extent charter the women already prepared the mode for their future course?The first verse in the Main Register is a joint record of Lin Dai-yu and Xue Bao-chai. These both vernal girls share the affection of Bao-yu and granny knot Jia. In their own individual ways, they are both paragons. It seems odd therefore that they share only one verse among them. Hawkes puts forward the argument that Dai-yu and Bao-chai epitomize two complementary aspects of a single ideal woman. Evidence for this interpretation lies in the first two lines of their quatrain One was a pattern of female justice, One a wit who made other wits seem slow. The combination of wit, or intelligence, and virtue were ideal traits in a Qing woman of the speeding class. Arguably it was Dai-yu who held the upper hand in wit while Bao-chai, with her generous and accommodating disposition, was the more virtuous. Although in the song-cycle there are two songs for Dai-yu and Bao-chai, it is not the case that one is dedicated to Dai-yu and one to Bao-chai. Albeit the second song is solely middling Dai-yu, entirely there are references to both characters in the first song. The character lin in Lin Dai-yu is made up of two tree radicals and has the meaning forest. Xue in Xue Bao-chai sounds the same as the Chinese word for snow while bao chai can be translated as precious or gold hairpin. Thus, the references come in the form of gold, flowers, snow and trees. Bao-yu is alluded to using jade or stone as he was born with a jade stone in his mouth. The first song, The Mistaken Marriage, refers to the marriage rites of gold and jade. This foreshadows the marriage of Bao-chai (gold) and Bao-yu (jade). The speaker however, still remembers the descent between stone and flower. There is indeed, a special bond between Bao-yu and Dai-yu.Although Bao-yu, a childwhom nature had endowed with the eccentric obtuseness of a simp allowon, fail s to recognise it, Dai-yu is an intensely jealous character and resents some(prenominal) time he spends with Bao-chai and not her. Bao-yu struggles to understand the cause of Dai-yus mainly irrational sulks, yet constantly attempts to comfort her Take kinship first you are my cousin on Fathers side cousin Bao is only a mother-cousin. That makes you much the approximate kin. And as for length of acquaintance it was you who came here first. You and I have practicaly grown up togetherWhy should I ever be any less close to you because of her? There is a profound love between Bao-yu and Dai-yu that seems to grow with the progression of the first volume. They share an understanding so intense that it was almost as if they had grown into a single person. The speaker suggests however, that later on Dai-yu (that fairy wood) dies. Thus, even a wife so courteous and so smorgasbord as Bao-chai is no substitute for the wife that Dai-yu could have been. Their marriage, even though others all commend it, is a mistake. This is succeeded by Hope Betrayed which deals specifi scratchy with the close relationship between Dai-yu (a flower from paradise) and Bao-yu (a pure jade without spot or stain). They are all the way meant for each other precisely the poem augurs future disaster. The pain heartache that stems from such an ardent love provide all be in vain. In one sense these two poems pose an insurrmountable contradiction. Fate, the belief in which provides the premise for this entire dream scene, will have them be together but they are not.They are meant to be but cannot and this inability is portrayed as some kind of mistake, a going against the natural order. Is there then, even such a thing as fate? This question aside, it can be seen that, in the case of Dai-yu and Bao-chai, their journey has barely begun by the end of The Golden Days. Their relationship with Bao-yu is entirely platonic (physically at least) and, although it is perhaps assumed that one of them, mo st likely Dai-yu, will be be Bao-yus future bride, this is only hinted at in jest among the maids and is a ejaculate of great embarassement to Dai-yu. The second quatrain and the third poem can be interpretted as Yuan-chuns fate. Yuan-chun, daughter of Lady Wang and Jia Zheng, is Bao-yus elder sister. The first two lines severalise her, age twenty, leaving her family to live in the emperors palace as a royal concubine. As can be seen by the ulterior effort put into a lavish garden compund in honour fo her visit, this was a position held in great esteem. Although out of modesty, Yuan-chun later changes the name, the put for her reunion with her family within Prospect Garden initially bears the inscription Precinct of the Celsetial Visitant. Hence perhaps, the use of the phrase pomegranate-time. Hawkes stresses the redness of the original Chinese text, the colour red being a symbol of good-fortune and prosperity. Although much of this sense has inevitably been lost in translation, the red skin of the pomegranate could perhaps be taken as emphasising the great advantages such a position could bestow on both concubine and family.The second half of the quatrain however, does not bode so well for the future. Although Yuan-chun is hypernym if not in beauty and intelligence then in success to her half-sister Tan-chun and her cousins, Ying-chun and Xi-chun (the three springs), her charmed life will come to an end when hare meets tiger. Hare and tiger refer to Chinese socio-economic classs. Thus, this prophecy specifies that the date of Yuan-chuns death will fall at the end of a tiger year and at the beginning of a rabbit year. The third song, Mutability, again prophesises Yuan-chuns departure from the Rong-guo household to the emperors palace. It goes on to describe her appearing before her parents in a dream to pay her final duty, forewarning again of her death. By the end of The Golden Days Yuan-chun has indeed left phratry to become a royal concubine. Althoug h the location of the Jia clan in The Story of the Stone is questionable, it is clear that Yuan-chun and her family feel cut off from each other in spirit if not by physical distance.Their reunion in chapter eighteen is an emotional one and although the emperor allows visits in the palace once a month, special permission must be granted for a once-yearly return to the family home. It is for this reason, so far the road back home did seem, that Yuan-chun will be hale to pay her final filial duties in a dream. (Hawkes points out that this dream sequence never in fact took place. He suggests that Xueqin used the material for this instalment in chapter thirteen instead, when Qin-shi appears before Xi-feng in a dream.) Tan-chun, half-sister to Yuan-chun, one of the three springs referred to above and daughter of Jia Zheng and a concubine, is the subject of the fourth quatraine in the Main Register. She is by far the most gifted of the three springs as well as possessing a kind, generou s nature.The first line, Blessed with a shrewd mind and a noble heart, is countered however, by the second, Yet born in time of twilight and decay. Although The golden Days is essentially a story set in the beaming, carefree years of childhood, the bigger picture reveals a time of political and social upheaval, a sense of which permeates many aspects of the novel. Tan-chuns prophesised marriage in the final two lines will thus perhaps be related to economic considerations. The marriage will clearly not be a happy one. The very title of the fourth song, From Dear Ones Parted, suggests the insuperable distance between Tan-chun and her home and her intense homsickness. The song has Tan-chun referring to our rising, falling, meaning the rise and fall of the Jia family. As a result of this, each in another land must be, each for himself must fend as best he may, again suggesting that the marriage will be one of economic convenience. Apart from allusions to her wit and good character, we learn little around Tan-chun in the first volume of The Story of the Stone. There are however, hints to be found as to her fate. In chapter 22, she attends Grandmother Jias riddle party. Asked to compose a riddle, the answer to Tan-chuns is a kite.This image of a kite as associated with Tan-chun symbolizes her departure a thousand miles away, her flight from the nest. Her riddle also foreshadows her un rejoicing once in the marriage My specialism all goes when once the bond is parted, And on the wind I drift off broken hearted. This description of drifting off in the wind ties in with the suggestion in the song that she will be taken to her new husband by boat through rain and wind. Like Tan-chun, comparatively little reference is made to Shi Xiang-yun, the subject of the fourth quatrain and fifth song. She is the daughter of Grandmother Jias brothers son. Orphaned as a young girl, she first lived with Grandmother Jia before moving in with her uncle, Shi Ding, and his wife. It se ems from both the register and the song, that Xiang-yun is destined to find the man of her dreams, a perfect, gentle husband. But happiness will be fleeting Soon you must mourn your bright suns early setting. The Xiang flows and the Chu clouds sail away. The Xiang was a river flowing through the antique kingdom of Chu. This was believed to be home to a goddess of lovers. But soon the clouds of Gao-tang faded, the waters of the Xiang ran dry. This suggests another calamity, perhaps the sudden death of her husband. There is no intimation of Xiang-yuns fate in The Golden Days. The main scene involving her is one of comic relief as Dai-yu teases her about her lisp and Xiang-yun responds good-humouredly. The impression created is of a happy-go-lucky, lively young girl, quite a contrast from the rather intense and moody Dai-yu.This is best illustrated in Xueqins description of them asleep Dai-yu was tightly cocooned in a hassock of apricot-coloured damask, the picture of tranquil repose . Xiang-yun, by contrast, lay with her hank of jet cruddy hair tumbled untidily beside the pillow, a white arm with its two gold bracelets thown carelessly alfresco the bedding and two white shoulders exposed above the peach-pink coverlet, which barely reached her armpits. A tomboy, even in her sleep Bao-yu muttered The sixth woman included in the register is the only one of the twelve who is not a member of the Jia family. Adamantina nevertheless lives among them in Prospect Garden after Yuan-chun issues an edict stating that the garden is not to be closed up. She is a nun and this is reflected in the descriptions of her otherworldliness and her grace and wit to match the gods that set her with the rest at odds. Nauseous to her the worlds straddle diet. Her final destination however, is clearly one of disrepute. In both the quatrain and the song, she ends up in the mud, impure and shameful. The fact that down here, only wealthy rakes might call forth their luck suggests that Ad amantina will end her days as perhaps a prostitute. By the end of The Golden Days however, she is still a nun who looks down on common flesh and blood The seventh of the Twelve Beauties of Jinling is Ying-chun, the eldest of the three springs. She is Jia Shes daughter by a concubine.With the arrival of Dai-yu and Bao-chai, the three springs are relugated to a secondary position in Grandmother Jias affections. Ying-chun is thus a rather underdeveloped character in The Golden Days. The sixth accounting entry in the register and the seventh poem both suggest that she will be married off to a violent, unfaithful and cruel bully. There is no hint of this fate in the first volume of the novel. The Golden Days gives away equally little about the subject of the next quatrain and song, Xi-chun. Sister of Cousin Zhen and the youngest of the three springs, seems destined to seek release from youths extravagance and to win chaste quietness and heavenly peace by becoming a Buddhist nun. Wang Xi -feng on the other hand, wife of Jia Lian and cousin to Bao-yu, plays a far more prominent role in The Golden Days. She is a very operose character, a feminist role-model. She has all the qualities of the ideal wife with her managerial prowess and deference to her elders, and yet she always manages to be on top. This combination of cunning and virtue can best be seen in the chapters dealing with Qin-shis funeral. Having been relegated posthumously to the status of a Noble Dame, the funeral is a grand affair. The sheer cost and man-power refer is staggering and Xi-feng is put in charge of it all. Nevertheless, she manages it with the decisiveness of a little general.On the night of the wake, her maturity and superior social skills are yet demonstrated when it is left entirely to her to do the honours. Xi-fengs vivacious charm and social assurance stood out in striking contrastShe was in her element, and if she took any notice of her humbler sisters it was only to throw out an occa ssional order or to bend them in some other way to her imperious will. This can be lay with the episode in the next chapter when, after the funeral, Xi-feng, Bao-yu and Qin-zhong spend the night in the Water-moon Priory. The prioress Euergesia, catching Xi-feng alone, tells her the story of a benefactor of the priory called Zhang. He is desperate to call off his daughters engagement to the son of a captain in the Chang-an garrison. The captain however, is being thoroughly unreasonable and refusing to take back the betrothal-gifts. Euergesia beseeches Xi-feng to use her unfluence to get Jia Zheng to write a letter to General Yun asking him to have a word with the captain because It is hardly likely that he would refuse to result his commading officer. Xi-feng coyly turns her down until Euergesia questions Xi-fengs ability. Xi-feng relents and agrees to take part for the the not so small sum of three thousand taels of silver.Xi-feng is clearly fiscally-minded and savvy, never one to let an opportunity for profit slip by. The hush-hush manner in which this matter of the captain is broached also suggests that it is rather shady business. Yet, any qualms Xi-feng feigns to have about getting involved seem to be easily forgotten. Xi-feng is indeed, as the ninth song states, too shrewd by half. She is too focused on self-advancement but with the fall of the Jia family later in The Story of the Stone, Xi-fengs plotting and manouevering will all come to nothing Like a great buildings tottering crash, Like flickering lampwick burned to ash Although the exact nature of Xi-fengs future is not specified, it is clear that it is not a bright one. She will, as the title of the ninth song says, be caught by her own cunning. Although we see none of her decline in The Golden Days, there are hints of a fall to come. When Qin-shi appears to her in a dream, she warns Xi-feng of the future fall of the Jai family as a whole. She quotes a proverb The higher the climb, the harder the fall. Could this be referring equally to Xi-feng as to the family? Is there a reason why Qin-shi appears before Xi-feng specifically? The tenth Beautiy of Jinling, interestingly enough, does not even appear in the first volume. Qiao-jie, daughter of Xi-feng, nevertheless has some choose of trouble ahead of her. It seems that no one will be spared pain and grief as the Jia family declines. The penultimate Beauty included on the Main Register is Li Wan, mother of Jia Lan. Li Wan was married to Jia Zhu, brother of Bao-yu.Jia Zhu died before the start of the novel as implied by the third line in the 11th song, the pleasures of the bridal bed soon fled. The quatrain suggests that their son, Jia Lan, her Orchid, will be successful. The song goes further to describe the awesome sight of the head with cap and bands of office on, and light bright upon his breast the gold insignia Jia Lan will later pass the civil service exam and become a high official. It is perhaps slightly far-fetched but one of the few mentions of Jia Lan comes in chapter nine, set in the Jia clan school house. As for Li Wan, there is no hint that the black night of deaths dark frontier lay close at hand. It would seem that she tragically dies after her sons appointment. Finally, there is Qin-shi, the 12th Beauty of Jinling. She is the young wife of Jia Rong but dies of a mysterious unidentified disease half way through The Golden Days. Of all the women, Qin-shi is the only one whose whole fate is played out in the course of the first volume. It does not, however, run according to plan. Both the quatrain and the song, The Good Things Have an End, explicitly express that she will hang herself. The most likely reason for her suicide is the familys discovery of her incestuous affair with her father-in-law, cousin Zhen Say not our troubles all from Rongs side came For their beginning Ning must take the blame. Indeed, there are indications of such intrigue.A drunken servant lets slip, in a fit of ra ge, Father-in-law pokes in the ashes The reader is clearly meant to take note of this comment, as Bao-yu subsequently questions Xi-feng as to its meaning. Xi-feng is quick in quashing any ideas Bao-yu may have on the subject and terrified by her vehemence, Bao-yu implored her forgiveness. There is obviously something to hide. Cousin Zhens hysterical reaction after her death is also a sign that their relationship was not as it seemed. He is inconsolable, proclaiming Now that she has been taken from us its plain to see that this senior branch of the family is doomed to extinction The poem accordingly, states that her death, the ruin of a mighty house protended. Qin-shis suicide does not however, take place and she instead dies of natural causes. A reason for this discrepancy is put foward by Hawkes. While Xueqin did originally have Qin-shi hanging herself from painted beams, a notation by one of the commentators on the original manuscript states that her ordered Xueqin to remove the s cene.Xueqin reluctantly did so but, unenthusiastic about the change, failed to make the necessary alterations to the rest of the text. Having examined the fates of the Twelve Beauties of Jinling as expressed in the Main Register of the Department of the Ill Fated Fair and in the fairy of Disenchantments song cycle, it becomes immediately obvious that tradgedy lies ahead. With the decline of the Jia family will come a decline in the fortunes of each of the women. It is also clear that by the end of the first volume of The Story of the Stone the story has, in fact, barely begun. The Jia household is still powerful and rich, the child heros are still young and and insouciant, these are still the golden days.

Euthanasia Informative Essay

The Controversy of Euthanasia One of the biggest and most controversial progenys throughout society today is the act of mercy killing in humans. In the medical checkup field, euthanasia is comm alone known as assisted suicide that is essentially for lowestly ill patients only. When thinking about euthanasia, Americans t subvert to relate it towards the rightfields for animals, but in this specific example I will focus on the controversial topic of legalization on behalf of citizenry who are professionally diagnosed with a carriage-threatening complaints. This will not include minorities under the age of eighteen or the elderly over the age of sixty.Thus when looking at the data in todays society, euthanasia is clearly defined as taking action of expiry a persons life to relieve persistent and relentless(prenominal) pain. As of today, the majority of our nations population believes that euthanasia is immoral. Although euthanasia is banned in the joined States currently, som e citizens argue in defense of dying peaceful with dignity rather then suffer in a hospital bed for months on end. After some(prenominal) decades of consideration, euthanasia is extremely difficult task to break down due to both disagreements indoors the choice for and against this act.For instance, the term euthanasia stick tos from the Greek words eu meaning god, and thanatos meaning dying (Manning 2). Euthanasia can also be referred to as mercy killing or the practice of assisting someone the embolden of death whether it may be legal or illegal, depending on a countrys jurisdiction. In other countries it is legal, like Belgium, Norway, Sweden, and Albania. Most of the joined Kingdom, since 2009, stated legalization in all hospitals for medical euthanasia under the condition that a patient is suffering from chronic pain along with an incurable disease (Mattlin).The specific classification of euthanasia within legal jurisdiction becomes more composite plant when looking a t what is considered fair and what is unjust. During the cxxx0s suicide or helping an single(a) commit suicide was considered as a criminal act. The idea of mercy killing was not supported by the superiority of rising Christianity. In the United States of America, the first law against assisted killing, known as anti-euthanasia was passed in 1828, New York. Euthanasia, like induced abortion, had been a major subject for deliberation since then. Within several decades euthanasia as divided into two main subgenres known as brisk- instinctive and passive-voluntary euthanasia (Manning 3). Voluntary is a medical classification of dying with consent from a patient within a reasonable amount of time before the termination process. Involuntary euthanasia is rarely analysen today and is very uncommon due to new technologic advances in security and medical forensic sciences. In voluntary euthanasia, can although be simply defined as dying without consent (Nitschke). at a lower place the E nglish influence during the 15th century, active and passive euthanasia was categorized underneath voluntary medical practices.This is demonstrated in the process of the patients death. For example, active euthanasia is to end a persons life by use of drugs, whether by oneself or with the aid of a physician, when passive euthanasia is taking a persons life by not taking helping the patient survive during a DNR circumstance, medically known as do not resuscitate when need. as well as passive termination can include withdrawing water, food, drugs, medical or surgical procedures needed in order to maintain life while sick (Manning 3). examine more about Dramatic CriticismVoluntary euthanasia is so controversial when it comes to the active practices because in the United States, residents choose a legal right to freedom of tongue and self-opinion. When opinions collide, we cannot simply justify both parties on equal terms under the federal laws of the U. S Constitution. In Washington , Montana and Oregon, it is legal for active euthanasia to issue forth if a medical practice agrees with their sick client. Since legalizations in 2009, statistics display that Oregons medical practices have little to no turn out on patients who had documented uncontrollable pain.All of the patients who requested assisted suicide cited psychological and social concerns as their primary reasons. According to the Health Division, this clearly does not give the United States tap system any proof of dramatic circumstances in the use of active euthanasia. Ben Mattlin, who is a known to be a famous author in the medical and legal standpoints of society, wrote Suicide by? Not So Fast, in November 1, 2010. Mattlin expresses, My job as a physician is to ensure that pot can see their inherent dignity reflected in they way they are cared for (Mattlin).He debates the issues on how active euthanization it is not ratified enough to become nationally acceptable due to the evidence of no compl ications found within the state of Oregon. Mattlin powerfully expresses that actively having the option to end ones life is unjust and should not be made legal. Given the lowest data made in the state of Oregon, He believes that a person should not be able to make a decision for them or for another(prenominal) on the act of terminating a life. Therefore, he persuasively projects the reasoning of why a human life, disabled or frail, should not have to choose death to become dignified.Voluntary euthanasia may be looked down upon within active medical practices, although in some cases, the view of passive euthanasia is morally acceptable. For instance, within common life-threating illnesses, a patient will take extreme measures into there own hands. When given a negative diagnosis, a sick patient pleads to end their life, in order to not go through more pain and suffering. In most states, with the exception of Washington, Montana and Oregon, a certified doctor moldiness refuse to let the individual die and save their life no matter what.Despite the emotional or physical pain a person endures, a doctor must remain positive and push treatment on their sick patient. A man named Derek Humphrey reasonably argues that, In this century, medicine has made severe strides towards commemorateing us healthy and living longer, for which we are all grateful. But modern medicine has not entirely solved the problem of terminal pain, and it surely never will be able to answer the very personal question of an individual persons quality of life (Humphrey 34). He claims his pro-euthanasia thoughts through his groundbreaking falsehood about assisted suicide, called The Final topic.Humphrey declares it is not right to say active euthanasia is wrong in the sense of how passive euthanasia is morally adequate. He pushes his thoughts just by explaining that passive euthanasia is used in day-to-day cases and there is not anything we as individual citizens can do about it. This is be cause a doctor cannot force a terminally patient treatment if they arent willing to stay positive nor corporate. On a legal standpoint, Humphrey argues and debates the reasons of why active euthanasia is wrong due to the fact that many individuals refuse burdensome medical treatment in order as a legal and honorable option of dying anyways.In addition, Derek Humphrey states that actively killing oneself is just the same as asking for physical medical assistance in order to take the life of someone with a fatally ill disease (Humphrey 16). Both active and passive voluntary euthanasia is so debatable due to medical realities shown in diachronic studies. For example, a man, commonly known as Dr. Death, or Jack Kevorkian, was an American pathologist, and euthanasia activist who is best known for publicly championing the aid of life-threatening patients, on rights to die through physician-assisted suicide.On March 26, 1999, Dr. Kevorkian was charged with second-degree murder due to the clear statements and legal documentation of ending at least 130 of his patients to death in order to prove a point in his battling court case. After his conviction, Jack Kevorkian declares, on live television, dying is not a crime (Robinson). Soon following the dramatic loss in court, Kevorkian is constrained by reporters who publicly announce the federal reasons as to why he was sentenced to prison with second-degree murder by the court. Citizens of the U.S soon discover that sixty percent of the patients who committed suicide, with Dr. Jack Kevorkians, help were not terminally ill, and thirteen had not complained of uncontrollable pain. The reports further emphasized that Kevorkians counseling was too brief when deciding to euthanize a life. The public became officially aware of the horrid behind Dr. Death. The nineteen patients died within less than twenty-four hours after first meeting Kevorkian and evidence was found that he did not, in fact, preform a psychiatric exam in the nineteen cases he chose (Robinson).On behalf of Kevorkians terminated patients, five of individuals had severe histories of depression and Kevorkian was properly aware. Despite knowing the history of Kevorkians five individuals who were hopeless for reasons their medical condition, he still mulish to illegall take their life. Due to his dramatic example, legalizing active euthanasia is legally unjustified. Having verification of accurate physiological testing by a set of different medical doctors and multiple agreement forms from the severely ill person who is mentally capable of making decisions.Ben Mattlin, a graduated from Harvard University and born with spinal muscular atrophy, believes it is impossible to keep track and verify euthanasia (Mattlin). Thus concluding, not all of Dr. Kevorkians patients were eligible for the active treatment of euthanasia. Criticism still arises within the U. S on the unanswered questions of what the real difference is between citizens who are t erminally ill physically or who are extremely ill mentally (Mattlin). All people should have equal rights and opportunities to live, or to choose not to go on living.Euthanasia activist clearly state in medical defense, according to Michael Mannings historical timeline on euthanasia, that it is possible for someone who has just has become disabled, from a life-threating illness, may in fact feel depressed and will ask for death as an ulterior motive (Manning 1). Which is why, if legalized, standardization must be proposed towards the system of euthanasia that includes psychological support and assessment before the patients wish is granted. Technological advances are progressing for each one and every day and the arguments of past history are unfair to completely rule out legalization of active euthanasia.For instances, Jack Kevorkian argues with the press during the 1990s, The time has come to take a historic step at least in the controlled circumstances I laid out. Theres no dang er its minimal. Its a little experiment. You have absolute control. Try it. If it doesnt work, we quit. Wheres the damage (Humphrey 43). Many relaxing care experts argue that there is no need for euthanasia, as with modern day medications and care, most terminal patients can be made comfortable until they die naturally, though that is not always the case (Nordqvist).Thus, Humphrey describes the importance of respecting the choice of others with disabling and painful illness. He states that the only way the patient can be helped with further treatment is by clouding their intelligence to the point that they are no longer themselves. Many people find this more acceptable than the alternative of voluntary euthanasia, but half of our nation believes its not right and unfair, just like Derek Humphrey. Although euthanasia is illegal in the United States currently, some citizens argue in defense of dying peaceful with dignity rather then suffer in a hospital bed for months on end.The act o f voluntary euthanasia has been debated for several decades and is an extremely difficult task to break down due to both disagreeing sides. Assisted voluntary euthanasia, or active euthanasia, is when a patient intentionally brings about his or her own death with the help of a physician. Active euthanasia is very complex to many people against the legalization because of their religious, cultural or ethical beliefs. Although several individuals argue in favor of active voluntary euthanasia because of their beliefs that everyone should have the right to choose when to die peacefully and painlessly within medical circumstance.In conclusion, taking both controversial sides for and against euthanasia to court is not the answer and cannot be passed by the United States legislation as easily a thought because there are so many facts to consider. With many years of deliberation from both parties, euthanasia may soon be declared illegal or legal with the help of more medical advancement in the future. Works Cited Humphrey, Derek. Biography, instruction and Resources of Derek Humphrey. Derek Humphry Biography, Information and Resources Derekhumphry. com. Final Exit Network, 2 Sept. 2010. Web. 28 Mar. 2013. lthttp//www. derekhumphry. com. Manning, Michael. Historical Timeline Euthanasia. Euthanasia ProCon. org. Web. http//euthanasia. procon. org/view. resource. php? resourceID=000130. Mattlin, Ben, comp. The Debate About Assisted Suicide. The New York Times. The New York Times, 05 Nov. 2012. Web. 27 Feb. 2013. Mattlin, Ben. Suicide by quality? Not So Fast.. The New York Times. The New York Times, 01 Nov. 2012. Web. 27 Mar. 2013. Miller, Mike. Dr. Death, Jack Kevorkian, Dies at 83. Reuters. Thomson Reuters, 03 June 2011. Web. 26 Mar. 2013. http//www. reuters. om/article/2011/06/03/us-kevorkian-idUSTRE7523JP20110603. Nitschke, Philip. Assisted Suicide/ Voluntary Euthanasia. Exit International. ABC Compass, Exit International, 10 Jan. 2010. Web. 26 Mar. 2013. h ttp//www. exitinternational. net/. Nordqvist, Christian. What Is Euthanasia (assisted Suicide)? Medical News Today. MediLexicon International, 19 Mar. 2010. Web. 27 Mar. 2013. ProCon. org. Top 10 Pros and Cons. ProCon. org. 18 May 2012. Web. 27 Mar. 2013. Robinson, Bryan. Kevorkian Sentenced to 10 to 25 Years for Murder. Court TV News. Courtroom Television Network LLC, 13 Apr.

Evaluating HRM’s contribution to Organisational Effectiveness Essay

Human Resource Management is a key component in the maintenance and utilization of an effective workforce. HRM includes myriad activities ranging from recruitment to training and as yet the development of compensation systems. HRM has evolved signifi housetly since the early 1900s. The need to deal with labor unions and the human relations suit has increased the need for competent human resource professionals (Dessler, 2002).3. Reasons for MeasuringHuman resource managers argon postulate to balance the requirements of management against those of the physical composition to ensure staffing requirements argon consistent with the everyplaceall organizational objectives. There is unceasingly a focus on results and measurement, the benefits from such analyses are numerous. Some of the key reasons for measuring HRM are (Phillips, 1996)1. To tell apart HRMs contribution to organizational effectiveness2. To determine whether HRM is accomplishing its objectives3. To identify the streng ths and weaknesses of HRM processes4. To calculate the return on coronation in an HRM program5. To determine if an HRM program or policy justifies investment of resources6. To establish a entropybase that can assist management in making decisions about HRM4. Indicators of HRMThe main impacts of HRM to the organisation can be gauged from the pursual key indicators (Frost et al, 2001)Figure 1 4 Quadrants of HRM Indicators5. Measuring HRMThe influences and impacts mentioned previously provide an indication of the relative success of HRM within the organisation. As is evident, there are a number of indicators and their measurements and applications are quite varied. Some of the more common ways of measuring HRM areSurveysThere are myriad proforma surveys that are available to HRM Managers to check out and measure the feedback from employees and customers. OPMs (Office of Personnel Management) Organizational Assessment Survey was created to assist organisations in the assessment an d cash advance of their mental process and has since become an persistence standard. The survey contributes to organizational performance amelioratement by1. assessing organizational strengths and weaknesses2. providing a basis for effective action-planning to determine training and organizational change strategies and3. establishing measures for benchmarking and evaluating change in organizational performance over time.(Fitz-Enz, 2000)Financial AnalysisCost- Benefit and ROI AnalysesReturn on Investment (ROI) is a cost-benefit analysis that offers HR managers a way to explain, in financial terms, how HR contributes to the back line. This helps in boosting HRs believability in management circles. To date, a major obstacle HR professionals have had in become profuse partners with senior agency management teams is proving its value to business discussions. Historically HR has not had the statistical data or business cost benefit analysis to prove its influence and impact on the organisation. However, use ROI to show that human resources management is an investment, rather than an expense, helps move HR further in the direction of becoming a strategic partner.Activity Based Costing (ABC)ABC is a process of estimating the be associated with for each one step of a process. It has been used to identify the be of HRM programs and processes. It is an accounting system that assigns costs to products based on the resources they consume. The costs of all activities are traced to the product for which they are performed. Overhead costs are also traced to a particular product rather than spread arbitrarily across all product lines (Albrecht, 2000). The breakdown of costs increases the visibility and transparency and proves how effectively resources are being used, which inturn can help improve strategic decision-making. Several organisations have successfully used ABC to reveal the true cost of HRM, any to inform the overall budgeting process or to help benchmar k HRM costs against other key industry players.BenchmarkingBenchmarking is a systematic process of measuring an organizations products, services, and class periods against those of a like organization that is a recognized leader in the studied area (Phillips et al, 2001). Organisations across industries and geographical boundaries are using this practice to discover ways of improving service and increasing business efficiency and profitability.Strategic Analysis fit Scorecard/Balanced MeasuresThe Balanced Scorecard is a strategic measurement approach that provides a method of aligning business activities with the organizations strategic plan and monitoring performance of strategic goals over time. A set of balanced measures is used, rather than focusing on the single, traditional bottom line. The original carte developed by Kaplan and Norton (2004) was divided into five perspectives (or measurement areas)1. Financial Demonstrates how our initiatives, activities, and actions contr ibute to the organizations bottom line, or how they provide value for the money spent. Cost and revenue are the main measures for this perspective. Labour costs expressed as a fraction of revenues is a common financial measure.2. Customer Tells us what we mustiness do to meet the needs of our internal and external customers. Time, quality, performance and cost are the main areas in which customers are interested. Good government is accountable to the customer.3. Internal Business Shows where we must excel internally to watch in accomplishing our mission. Cycle time, quality, employee skills, and productivity are examples of internal measures.4. Learning and growth Illustrates how the organization can keep open to improve and create value. This includes how we sustain the growth of our people. The ability to innovate, improve, and learn are key characteristics of this perspective.5. Human Resources Employee authorization Tracks how leadership and working environment enhance HR em ployees job performance.The Malcolm Baldrige Criteria for Performance ExcellenceThe Malcolm Baldrige Criteria are a framework based on a set of core values and concepts that any organization can use to improve overall performance. They integrate key business requirements into a results-oriented framework and glow validated, leading-edge management practices against which an organization can measure itself (Becker et al, 2001). Organizations are assessed, using a scored point system, on approach, deployment, and results. The Criteria are recognized nationally and internationally as a model for performance excellence and therefore represents a common language for communication among organizations for sharing best practices (Kaplan & Norton, 2004).6. ConclusionThe history of HRM has been characterized by a continues set about in justifying its impact and influence within an organization. The rise of unions along with the expansion of companies into foreign markets has made economic HRM critical. HRM has moved from the position of justifying its position in an organization to adding to the organizations profits by managing its most important addition its people (Dessler, 2002).7. BibliographyKaplan, R. S. & Norton, D. P. (2004) Strategy Maps Converting Intangible Assets into Tangible Outcomes, Harvard Business School Press.Becker, E. B., Huselid, M. A. & Ulrich, D. (2001), The HR Scorecard Linking People, Strategy and Performance, world-class Edition, Harvard Business School Press.Phillips, J. J., Stone, R. D. & Phillips, P. P. (2001) The Human Resources Scorecard, Butterworth-Heinemann.Albrecht, M. H. (2000) International HRM Managing Diversity in the Workplace, Blackwell Publishers.Fitz-Enz, J, (2000) The ROI of Human Capital Measuring the sparing Value of Employee Performance, American Management Association.Frost, P. J., Nord, W. R. & Krefting, L. A, (2001) HRM Reality, 2nd Edition, Pearson Education.Phillips, J. P. (1996), Accountability in Human Resour ce Management ameliorate Human Performance Series, Gulf Professional Publishing.Dessler, G. (2002) Human Resource Management, 9th ed., Prentice Hall.

Need for collaborative projects in business courses Essay

Group swans ar integral to the line of descent curriculum and tin be habituateful in d eventideloping schoolchilds skills and abilities as bear awayrs. However, skill encounter some(prenominal)(prenominal) troubles with carnal projects, including assessing scholars efforts, aiding good communication and coordination among members, and making sure the project is a sincerely collaborative effort. applied science whitethorn aid in addressing these problems electronic hash oution circuit cards and scold inhabit, for example, earth-clo strict support expertness and students sharpen coaction and increase the account exponent of year members.Keywords Discussion boards, yap away rooms, collaborative reading, student projects INCREASED GLOBAL COMPETITION and peeled(prenominal) changes in the business environment over the last several years confirm led organizations to restructure themselves. One aspect of that restructuring is a shifting of duty and demolit ion making d takeward and a movement toward self-directed work teams (Cohen, 1993). To prepargon students to thrive in this environment, we manifestly need to teach them effective teamwork and communication skills.This article describes two tools that butt end help accomplish this task, the electronic preaching board and the chat room. These weed foster interdependence in base projects and deeper, active eruditeness. First, we discuss the need for and benefits of collaborative projects, the problems of free radical work, and the place of technology in much(prenominal) projects. We then allow for recommendations for incorporating these electronic tools in business communication shed light ones. Need for Collaborative Projects in backing Courses.As m wholly researchers hold up noted, the structural shift towards teams occurring in many organizations should be reflected in the classroom (Bobbitt, Inks, Kemp, & Mayo, 2000). utilize root wordings in class then prep atom ic number 18s students to work collaboratively in the business environment spot promoting collaborative scholarship in the classroom itself. The graduation benefit of group work in the classroom is that it teaches students how to work collaboratively in the business environment. business organization organizations repeatedly indicate that the increased use of teams in the real world has increased students need for word-painting and experience with teams (Buckenmyer, 2000). Companies that use teams creatively spend many hours and dollars training various(prenominal)s to work in teams and training managers to manage teams. Through working in groups, students idler enhance their abilities in setting goals, delegating work, and dealing with involvement (Colbeck, Campbell, & Bjorklund, 2000). They can also improve their communication, leadership, problem figure out, and technical skills.All of these skills argon highly rated by recruiters and employers and get out help graduat es brook the demands and rigors of the workplace (McNally, 1994). The second benefit of group work is that these projects promote collaborative learning. University educators give birth embraced cooperative learning methods as ways to engage students and to foster cooperation (Ravenscroft, 1997). Researchers impart found that the values of propagation X be highly individualistic, visually-oriented, and aligned with information technology, not with the sharing of information (Buckenmyer, 2000).Thus, group eat projects, with proper guidance, can help these students learn to deal in effect with some others. Group work learning can be an excellent way of encouraging the development of higher cognitive skills in students (Thorley & Gregory, 1994) and can be effective even for relatively quiet group members. When groups work hale, students consistently fare better in class, on tests, and in attitudes towards the teacher and each other (Jones & Brickner, 1996).The quality of learni ng is improved by partner support, with students gaining experience in communication, negotiation, organization, and task management. Cooperative methods have been recognized as effective ways to remind students to become actively involved in learning. The collaborative group project creates a forum that allows students to dramatise an active approach towards their own education. The security of working within a group provides an excellent debut into the progression to independent and autonomous learning (Maguire & Edmondson, 2001).Problems with Group Projects The many benefits of collaborative projects, however, are often equipoise by problems. First, a common problem is the failure of the group to work together effectively. Students whitethorn keep an individual effort but are unable to coordinate their efforts effectively with their group members to achieve any kind of synergistic benefits (Tullar, Kaiser, & Balthazard, 1998). Group members need to be contributing their ide as, questioning and learning from each other, and construct on the efforts of the other members.For collaborative learning to occur, students must coordinate the diverse skills and abilities of their group members to address a complex task (Tullar et al. , 1998). A second problem is that often group members simply divide a project so that each individual writes a mete out. Then, just before the project is due, the students bring in their disks and combine files without organise their efforts or talents effectively. Third, group work often leads to unequal contributions of members, resulting in hitchhikers and workhorses (Cottell & Millis, 1993).These hitchhikers, also called bring out riders and social loafers, can cause problems in the workflow of the group, as they do not do their blank share. Members of the group have difficulty addressing the free-rider problem and documenting the problem and their efforts to exculpate it (Gremler, Hoffman, Keaveney, & W sound, 2000). The issue becomes one students word against anothers as the teacher tries to match fair individual grades. Finally, group projects are often assigned without the allocation of class snip for groups to develop cooperative skills or to become viscid (Michaelsen, 1992).There is limited time in class to discuss both the needed topics and the mechanics of group management. In many cases, groups meet on evenings and weekends when dexterity members are not available for assistance. Additionally, many group members are geographically and temporally dispersed, which projects organizing face-to-face group meetings difficult. The Role of Technology in Enhancing Collaborative reading Active and cooperative learning approaches will be counterproductive unless they are thoughtfully implemented and wellspring supported. converse tools like raillery boards and chat rooms can be effective in inter-team quislingism as well as in faculty-student communication. These tools can help ease the proble ms discussed in the previous section. By solving these problems with technology, faculty can address three learning goals empowering students, improving their communication skills, and developing their ability to work collaboratively. Finally, these technological communication tools offer teaching opportunities by allowing faculty to be to a greater extent neighborly to students and to track students efforts better.Addressing Group Project Problems Internet-based tools can be a tremendous help in coordinating team efforts, particularly when the team is geographically (whether by a fewer miles or a few thousand miles) or temporally dispersed (Kaiser, Tullar, & McKowen, 2000). With technology, groups can meet either synchronously, using chat rooms, or asynchronously, using threaded discussion boards, in which group members contribute to the group discussion at multiplication convenient to their schedules over a defined time period.These tools enable everyone in the group to talk at the same time or at their convenience by typing their comments into the forum that instantly distributes their comments. Additionally, surd personalities have greater difficulty dominating the group as everyone has equal access to the floor. Students may find out more comfortable presenting ideas this way than in a face-to-face meeting, and the quality and professionalism of their ideas may be higher, versed that their enfolding is being monitored.The discussion forum also gives all students ample time for reflection so students responses are often more thoughtful than those in face-to-face situations. Studies have illustrated this level of increased and more evenly distributed participation from students in computer-supported groups (Tullar et al. , 1998). Addressing Learning Goals Projects provide opportunities for experiential learning, that is, students apply what they have learned to real-world situations and thus develop decision-making skills. But in doing so, projects o ften produce anxiety as students struggle to limit what practise the teacher wants.However, with these projects, whether it be a case, a enunciate of a business issue, or a business plan, faculty are typically not searching for one expert answer, but rather are concerned with the process that students use in solving problems. Teaching students to ask the right questions is thought to be more important than giving students the right answers. In the real world, there is neither one right answer nor is there a sage on a stage that can direct students to the right answer. Students need to learn how to find and to support the answers for themselves.The use of electronic discussion boards and chat rooms can aid student learning in the struggle through the project process. Thus, three learning goals can be addressed through the use of electronic discussion boards and chat rooms with experiential group projects (1) empowering students to become active participants in their learning, (2) increasing students communication skills in describing and solving problems, and (3) enhancing students abilities to collaborate and work with others in developing their own re bloodlines in solving problems.To achieve these goals, education must involve interactivity among instructors, students, and the materials, and electronic discussion boards and chat rooms can enrich that interactivity. Providing Additional Teaching Opportunities Another advantage of these tools is the opportunity for faculty to participate in the discussions and e-mails. Faculty can use these tools to demonstrate concern for students and to provide additional accessibility and feedback.In fact, the transactional distance encourages faculty to maintain a facilitative role rather than an authoritative role (Moore, 1993). Finally, these tools make it easier for faculty and students to keep track of what everyone has said as there is a written enroll (Kaiser et al. , 2000). Students have the opportunity to reo rganize and reshape their understanding of course content. The Web-based tools allow thoughts to be captured for future examination, elaboration, and extension. The end result is usually more robust and thoughtful discussions.In fact, threaded discussions can extend the time that both instructors and students invest in the course (Bruce & Hwang, 2001). Recommendations for Using These Tools Many universities are starting to use versatile computer course tools or platforms to promote online learning. These platforms, such(prenominal) as BlackBoard or WebCT, can be used to design either Web-based or Web-assisted courses. For several years, we have used discussion groups and chat rooms in Web-based classes but have also found that communication can be enhanced in traditional classes through use of these tools.Since more business organizations are using electronic tools, such as Lotus Notes, to facilitate group meetings, using them in the classroom helps students further prepare for the ir careers. However, the wise faculty member will be advised that these tools should be used judiciously. Therefore, based on our experience, the following suggestions are made to faculty who are considering the use of Web-based tools. Discussion Boards Instructors and students can compose and position messages electronically on electronic discussion boards.Both public and private discussion forums can be implemented. With many computation platforms, such as WebCT, faculty can set up public forums to start threaded discussions for the class to which the students can answer electronically. Students can use these public forums to post questions to which the entire class can respond, such as for help in finding information for the project. A project normally tellms easier when the instructor is discussing it in class and few questions arise. However, students questions occasionally occur aft(prenominal) class or on weekends.The discussion board allows the opportunity for students t o post problems asynchronously and to receive input from the class. The burden is no longer on the instructor to solve every problem as it occurs but is on the students to work with each other as well as with the instructor in solving problems. This is a tremendous lesson for students to learn to deal with problem solving in the real world. When an employer gives an employee a project or task to do, he/she expects the employee to do it on his/her own and not ask for assistance from the employer every step of the way.Students have to learn to be problem solvers on their own, and the use of electronic discussion boards helps develop that skill. The professors role is to help get the communication started. For example, the instructor can post a question on the public project discussion board asking at which sites people are having success finding information for the project. The students can then respond. Those students who respond in a useful manner will be rewarded, such as with a p articipation grade. Those students or groups who do not respond can be asked on the discussion board for their input.When students see the progress other students are making, they may be spurred to work harder. Additionally, the faculty need to part the discussion board frequently to see if any misinformation is being spread, to ensure netiquette is being practiced, and to restart the conversation as needed. Finally, faculty can take questions that the students ask individually and request that the students post them on the discussion board. In that way the instructor only has to respond once, and similar inquiries can then be referred to that response.This will eve ntually build a culture in the class where the instructor is not seen as the sole source for information, and the students learn to work with each other in solving problems. Additionally, instructors can create private forums to be used to divide students into groups for class exercises or for the use of asynchronous co ordination of group projects in which group members cannot all meet at the same time. The instructor can visit these public and private forums to track group progress, to encourage students to help each other to solve problems, and to provide assistance as needed after the students have tried first on their own.In the private group forums, the students are encouraged to use the board to organize group meetings, to post their research findings, and to post drafts of their work for their group members to see and make comments. The professor can encourage individual group members to post their contributions to the paper to the private forum for the other members to see and post suggestions. This would increase group collaboration in a manner that can be documented. After the group has collaborated on a draft of the project, the instructor can offer suggestions.Finally, instructors should consider requiring the groups to post progress reports on their efforts periodically during the ter m. These progress reports describe what the group has accomplished, what the groups plans are, if there are any problems, and if there are, how they are being addressed. The instructor should provide guidelines as to what the groups should have accomplished by the progress report dates so the students can determine if they are on track. While these reports could be submitted on paper, doing it through the discussion board makes it easier for group members to be aware of what has been submitted. Chat Rooms.With chat rooms, students can meet electronically at the same time no matter where they are, as long as they have Internet access. Each group can have its own chat room, with the instructor joining in from home or bit in one of several ways. The group can meet first and then have a designated time when the instructor logs in to answer questions. The instructor can repudiate when the questions are answered or give the group time to discuss among themselves and then check back late r. For project work, it is important that instructors periodically meet with student groups to answer questions, address problems, and provide guidance.The chat room may be a useful tool in meeting with students out of class. The students can meet with the instructor for a practice chat to get the students comfortable with the technology. The instructor can request that the groups meet with him/her several times during the term to discuss their progress. These meetings can be either in the office during office hours or during designated chat office hours, such as on Sunday nights when the instructor is at home. With traditional classes, groups should have the option to meet in person with the professor, particularly early on in the project.For those students who cannot come during office hours, the chat room provides an excellent way to interact, although instructors may want to set clear boundaries or peculiar(prenominal) hours for when they are willing to meet in the chat room. W hen the instructor is meeting with groups via chat, patience is needed. It can be confusing when everyone is typing in questions. While the instructor prepares an answer to one question, several more students questions can appear. The instructor needs to make it clear that he/she will discuss questions in the order in which they appear.On the other hand, there may be times when the chat room is silent while the students are preparing their questions. The instructor may want to prompt to see if there are any other questions but should give the students some time if needed. Finally, no one should log off until everyone has finished. Someone may be in the middle of preparing something to post and the silence is seen as the end of the session, or someone may have left the room for a minute and has come back to find an empty chat room. Therefore, a practice chat session may be helpful with these issues. Grading Student enjoyment of Discussion Boards and Chat RoomsGrading student respons es in both the discussion forum and chat room can present challenges. Many times there may be a group grade for a project that is then adjusted for the individual students grade base on his/her contribution to the groups project. Additionally, students may be individually graded for their participation in the course. Some students will initially shy away from using the discussion board, as they would prefer to do things the way they always have and do not want to learn a refreshing technology. different students, particularly those who are too shy to speak up in class, may welcome this new opportunity.It is up to the instructor to provide the incentive to become involved. While a positive attitude may help the instructor in encouraging students, making posts part of their grade, such as a portion of their participation grade, probably ensures the best results. Instructor can grade the posting on several issues limpidity of thought/grammer, quality of comments/critical thinking, an d usefulness/participation in responding to other posts. In evaluating the group projects to determine individual grades, instructors often have students submit group evaluations.The information on these evaluations can be substantiated or compared to what has occurred on the groups private discussion forum and what has been documented in the progress posts. If a group member is not contribution, it is the responsibility of the group to communicate this the instructor and to attempt to deal with the problem before the final project is submitted. The use of the discussion board and chat room can be a tremendous help in tracking a groups activities. This puts more responsibility on the students to document and address the issues before it is too late.It also aids instructors in making fairer assessments of individual efforts. To better manage the communication tools, instructors should set up clear guidelines for grading, such as describing how many new posts and response posts are re quired per week, as well as how often the students are expected to check the discussion board. For example, the professor may want each group to submit a bi-weekly progress report on its project. The instructor may also want to review netiquette as well as set limits as to how many posts students can make on public forums to avoid overwhelming the discussion board.The instructor needs to stress that it is the quality of the posts and not the quantity that counts and provide students with feedback to encourage its proper use. Finally, the instructor can also utilize student management tools that are included in the computing platforms like WebCT to determine when and how many posts the students are making. Additionally, search commands can be used to find all the posts one student has made in order to track an individual students progress. Conclusion Teamwork and group meetings are entrenched elements of an increasingly global environment.As a result, business faculty must prepare th eir students, as future managers, to collaborate with groups effectively. Electronic meeting tools, such as discussion boards and chat rooms, can consort a key role in that training. These tools can enhance and empower student learning and collaboration as well as increase communication and problem solving skills. By collaborating more effectively in school, students will be better prepared to collaborate effectively in the workplace (Kaiser et al. , 2000). These tools also offer additional teaching benefits. They are very useful in documenting student effort and answerability for fair contribution.They also provide a means for faculty to be conveniently accessible and to provide feedback outside of class time. Additionally, electronic tools help students learn to develop their own resources. These tools then can be a tremendous aid for faculty to address group project problems, to help their students achieve learning goals, and to provide additional teaching opportunities to inter act with their students. Thus, by using electronic discussion boards and chat rooms, such as with group projects, faculty can effectively enhance their students collaborative learning.References Bobbitt, L. M. , Inks, S. A. , Kemp, K. J. , & Mayo, D. T. (2000). Integrating marketing courses to enhance team-based experiential learning. journal of Marketing Education, 22(1), 15-24. Bruce, S. M. , & Hwang, T. T. (2001). Web-based teacher preparation in visual impairment Course development, teaching, learning and quality assurance. Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness, 95(10), 609-622. Buckenmyer, J. A. (2000). Using teams for class activities Making course/classroom teams work. Journal of Education for Business, 76(2), 98-107. Cohen, G. (1993).New approaches to teams and teamwork. In J. R. Galbraith & E. E. Lawler, III (Eds. ). Organizing for the future (pp. 194-226). San Francisco Jossey-Bass. Colbeck, C. L. , Campbell, S. E. , & Bjorklund, S. A. (2000, January/February). Grouping in the dark What college students learn from group projects. The Journal of Higher Education, 71(1), 60-83. Cottell, P. G. & Millis, B. (1993, Spring). Cooperative learning structures in the instruction of accounting. Issues in Accounting Education, 8, 40-59. Gremler, D. D. , Hoffman, K. D. , Keaveney, S. M. , & Wright, L. K. (2000).Experiential learning exercises in services marketing courses. Journal of Marketing Education, 22(1), 35-44. Jones, J. D. , & Brickner, D. (1996). Implementation of cooperative learning in a large-enrollment basic mechanics class. ASEE Annual Conference Proceedings CD-Rom. Kaiser, P. R. , Tuller, W. L, & McKowen, D. (2000). Student team projects by Internet. Business Communication Quarterly, 63(4), 75-82. Maguire, S. , & Edmondson, S. (2001). Student evaluation and assessment of group projects. Journal of Geography in Higher Education, 25(2), 209-217. McNally, J. (1994). Working in groups and teams.In L. Thorley & R. Gregory (Eds. ). Using group-based l earning in higher education (pp. 113-120). London Kogan Page. Michaelsen, L. K. (1992). Team learning A comprehensive approach for harnessing the power of small groups in higher education. To Improve the Academy, 11, 107-122. Moore, M. (1993). Theory of transactional distance. In D. Keegan (Ed. ). hypothetic principles of distance education (pp. 22-38). New York Rutledge. Ravenscroft, S. P. (1997). In support of cooperative learning. Issues in Accounting Education, 12(1), 187-190. Reeves, T. (1996). Relevant readings.Technology in teacher education From electronic tutor to cognitive tool. Action in Teacher Education, 27(4), 74-78. Thorley, L. , & Gregory, R. (Eds. ) (1994). Using Group-based Learning in Higher Education. London Kogan Page. Tullar, W. L. , Kaiser, P. R. , & Balthazard, P. A. (1998). Group work and electronic meeting systems From boardroom to classroom. Business Communication Quarterly, 61(4), 53-65. Address correspondence to Jacqueline K. Eastman, Department of Mark eting/Economics, College of Business Administration, Valdosta State University, Valdosta GA 31698 (e-mail jeastmanvaldosta. edu).