In French, Ever Hear of a Pépère

Pà ©pà ¨re, pronounced  pay pehr, exists as both a noun and as an adjective with distinct, but related meanings. In all its meanings and usages, it is an informal term. Examples of use and some expressions are included in each section. Pà ©pà ¨re: Noun Pà ©pà ¨res perhaps most frequent use  is akin to baby talk—the affectionate name small children give to their grandfather: grandad or grandpa, gramps, as in: Salut  pà ©pà ¨re  ! Hi grandad! Pà ©pà ¨re  said by an adult can refer to: a man or boy who is fat and calm (un homme ou garà §on gros et calme), as  many grandfathers are  or (pejoratively) an old-timer  Ã‚   Pà ©pà ©Ã‚  or  grand-pà ¨re:  What a young child  calls an old grandfather (un vieux pà ©pà ¨re), as in: Pà ©pà ©, donne-moi mes jeux, sil te plaà ®t.   Grandpa, give me  mes toys please.   Gros Pà ©pà ¨re: Noun An informal expression for a cute child or a cute animal baby, as in: Tiens, le  gros pà ©pà ¨re  ! Look at the cute little baby! When referring to a man, it means: tubby (with affection)fat slob (with derision) Pà ©pà ¨re: Adjective When referring to an adult man, it means: quiet, calm, peaceful, nice and easy (as many grandfathers are)   When it refers to a thing, such a job or a life: quiet, easy, uneventful, cushy Un petit boulot pà ©pà ¨re   a cushy little job Quel boulot pà ©pà ¨re ! What a cushy job! Une petite vie pà ©pà ¨re   a cozy little life   On ne veut quune vie pà ©pà ¨re. All we want is a quiet life. Faire en Pà ©pà ¨re: Verb   agir tranquillement   to act calmly (as many grandfathers do)

Essay on The Theories of Jean Piaget - 752 Words

The Theories of Jean Piaget This essay is about Jean Piagets theory. Piagets theory has two main strands: first, an account of the mechanisms by which cognitive development takes place; and second, an account of the four main stages of cognitive development through which children pass. Piaget suggested that there are four main stages in the cognitive development of children. In the first two years, children pass through a sensory-motor stage during which they progress from cognitive structures dominated by instinctual drives and undifferentiated emotions to more organized systems of concrete concepts, differentiated emotions, and their first external affective fixations. At this stage,†¦show more content†¦The two tendencies are organization, and adaption. Organization as Piaget saw it said that humans are designed to organize their observations and experiences into logical sets of meanings. This organization of observation makes the thinking process more resourceful. If a person can put the things they observe in some sort of order the easier it is to remember and apply their observations. If we did not organize our observations and experiences we would have little bits of information floating around in our brains with no connection between them. Adapt ion is according to Piagets theory is the tendency to adjust to the environment. Adaption is a process by which we create matches between our original observations and new ones that might not exactly fit together. Our original observations and conceptions are called our schemas. To adapt to new observations and experiences into our schemas we use one of two techniques. We can take in that information by putting it together with old schemas or conceptions. If the observations dont fit nicely into our existing schemas we use the second of the adaption techniques. Piaget never said that our schemas had to be right or wrong. Our schemas are based on our own observations and experiences. We adapt to things because we are driven by the urge to have things fit together or to be in what Piaget calls equilibrium. As we use our adaptionShow MoreRelatedJean Piagets Theory1170 Words   |  5 Pagesthat of Jean Piaget and his theories on the cognitive development stages. Jean Piaget was born in Neuchatel, Switzerland, where he studied at the university and received a doctorate in biology at the age of 22. Following college he became very interested in psychology and began to research and studies of the subject. With his research Piaget created a broad theoretical system for the development of cognitive abilities. His work, in this way, was much like that of Sigmund Freud, but Piaget emphasizedRead MoreJean Piaget s Theory And Theory1673 Words   |  7 PagesWhat is a theory? A theory is an organized set of ideas that is designed to explain development. These are essential for developing predictions about behaviors and predictions result in research that helps to support or clarify the theory. The theorist I am choosing to talk about is Jean Piaget who discovered the cognitive development theory and who broke it down into different stages. The different stages are the sensorimotor stage, the preoperational stage, the concrete operational thoughtR ead MoreJean Piaget s Theory And Theory1424 Words   |  6 Pages Jean Piaget studied processes, and how children change with age. Piaget’s ideas are what serve as our guide to cognitive theory because of his extensive studies, and thoroughness of his work. He became the foremost expert on development of knowledge from birth to adulthood. Being that he was an expert on such a wide variety of ages shows how much studying he did in his lifetime. He studied children, and became fascinated with children’s incorrect responses. That really shows me that PiagetRead MoreJean Piaget : Theory Of Cognitive Development Essay1377 Words   |  6 Pages Jean Piaget: Theory of Cognitive Development Jean Piaget, was a trained biologist who was employed at the Binet Institute, where his main job was to develop a French version of an intelligence test. Piaget was very interested in the reason why children would give wrong answers to questions which called for some type of logical thinking. It was believed by Piaget that these wrong answers showed some very drastic differences between the way children and adults both thought ( McLeod, 2015), thisRead MoreJean Piaget s Cognitive Theory Essay1750 Words   |  7 Pages Jean Piaget is a well-renowned twentieth century scholar responsible for the development of the Cognitive Theory, focusing on how people think over time, which, in turn, reflects in how how attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors are shaped. Jean Piaget observed and divided the Cognitive Theory into four periods of cognitive development, which occur in the following order: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational. Of the four stages, each has it’s own characteristicsRead MoreJean Piaget s Theory Of Education Essay1248 Words   |  5 Pagesgenerations have done,† (â€Å"Jean Piaget†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ) a wise man once stated. In this paper we are going to go more in-depth into Jean Piaget’s life and how the work of Jean Piaget greatly influenced the field of early childhood education. This paper will include a brief summary of Jean Piaget’s life, a description of his/her major theories or ideas, and how those ideas impact early educa tion today. One question that was posed and will be touched on during my paper is the question of how Jean Piaget made it easier forRead MoreJean Piaget s Theory Of Children1465 Words   |  6 Pagesbasis with your child will help them with their cognitive thinking. Jean PiagetÅ› developmental theory is children develop in 4 different stages from the ages birth to adulthood. Jean Piaget was born in Switzerland and was the oldest child. He was born on August 9th, 1896 and died on September 16th, 1980. Jean Piaget was a swiss psychologist who started off by becoming a well known malacologist after he finished high school. Piaget left Switzerland and moved to France because he had an interest inRead MoreJean Piaget s Theories On Learning1056 Words   |  5 Pagespsychology this semester, it has helped me learn that there are many theorists who provide their theories on learning. Certain theorists stuck out to me in which they hypothesized how educating should be brought upon or the stages that one needs to fulfill before moving on. Piaget, Vygotsky, and Maslow all address theoretical perspectives, which I believe will play a role in my teaching philosophy. Jean Piaget hypothesized that children go through a series of four stages: sensorimotor, pre-operationalRead MoreJean Piaget s Theory Of Knowing921 Words   |  4 PagesJean Piaget was a developmental psychologist and philosopher from Switzerland. He is known for his epistemological studies with children. He was the first to make a systematic study of cognitive development. Piaget was also the Director of the International Bureau of Education. He was â€Å"the great pioneer of the constructivist theory of knowing.† He was known as the second best psychologist after Skinner by the end of the 20th century. Throughout his career, Jean Piaget declared that â€Å"only educationRead MoreJean Piagets Theory on Child Dvevelopment974 Words   |  4 Pagesjean piagets theory on child developement Jean Paiget (1896-1980) was biologist who was originally studied molluscs. He was born in Neuchà ¢tel, Switzerland he passed away September 16th 1980. Jean Piaget’s theory as 4 developmental stages these are, * The Sensorimotor Stage (birth-2 years) * The Preoperational Stage (2-7 years) * The Concrete Operational (7-11 years) * The Formal Operational Stage (11 years plus) All of these 4 developmental stages have sub-stages for each age range

Renting and Company Free Essays

string(41) " persons for the objects of the company\." THE COMPANIES ACT, 1956 (COMPANY LIMITED BY SHARES) MEMORANDUM OF ASSOCIATION OF K M RESIDENCY PRIVATE LIMITED I. The name of the Company is K M RESIDENCY PRIVATE LIMITED II. The Registered Office of the Company will be situated in the State of Rajasthan Ill. We will write a custom essay sample on Renting and Company or any similar topic only for you Order Now The objects for which the Company is established are:- (A) THE MAIN OBJECTS TO BE PURSUED BY THE COMPANY ON ITS INCORPORATION ARE: 1. To carry on the business as promoters, dealers, owners, investors, developers, agents, brokers of land, building, estates or any other structural or work of any kind whatsoever, whether rural, urban, residential, commercial or industrial and to acquire, purchase, take on lease or in exchange, hire or by any other means obtain ownership of and/or options over any freehold or other property of any tenure, state or interest or any rights, privileges or easements over or in respect of any property, land and building, to improve, alter, furnish, construct, promote, develop, finance or subsidize the same and to dispose of or maintain, assist in sale of the same, to build townships, buildings, residential, Colonies, factories, industries, warehouses, shops, cultural, sports or recreational commercialcomplexes, shopping malls including restaurants and hotels, markets or conveniences thereon or to equip the same or any part thereof with all or any amenities or conveniences, drainage, sanitati on, facility, electricity, air-conditioning, internet, water, telephone and television installation and to deal with the same in any manner whatsoever, and to build, take on lease, and/or rent, purchase or acquire in any manner whatsoever any apartment, houses, flats, rooms, floors or other accommodation and to let or dispose of the on installment basis, hire purchase basis, deferred payment basis or by outright sale whether by private treaty or by public auction or in any other mode of disposition all or any integral part thereof. (B) THE OBJECTS INCIDENTAL OR ANCILLARY TO THE attainment of the main objects are: 1. To employ or enter into agreement with manger, engineers, accountants, mechanics masons, carpenters, cutters, welders, builders, repairers, painters, electricians, scaffold, sellers laborers and other persons for the objects of the company. You read "Renting and Company" in category "Essay examples" 2. To purchase or otherwise acquire and undertake the whole or any part of the business property and assets, liabilities of persons or company carrying on any business similar to the main objects of the company and which the company is authorized to carry on. 3. To invest any surplus money not immediately required by the company in such investments other then shares or stock in this company as may be thought proper and to hold or sell such investments. 4. To purchase or otherwise acquire any patents, patent-rights, secret processes inventions concessions, licenses, right and privileges and the like, conferring and exclusive of non ­ exclusive or limited right to use, any secret or other information as to any invention which may seem capable to being used for any of the purposes of the company or the acquisition of which may seem calculated directly or indirectly to benefit the company and use, exercise, develop or grant, licenses, in respect of or otherwise tum to account the property, rights of information so acquired. 5. Subject to the Provision of Section 58 A of the Companies Act, 1956 and the rules framed there under the directions issued by the Reserve Bank of India from time to time as may be applicable to borrow or raise or secure the payment of the money in such manner as the Company may think fit and in particular by the issue of bonds, debentures or debenture ­ stock, perpetual or otherwise, whether constituting a charge upon all or any parts of the Company’s property, both present and future, including its uncalled capital or without constituting a charge as aforesaid and to receive money on deposit, on interest or otherwise, and to lend, advance or deposit money, on interest or otherwise, without -I- THE COMPANIES ACT, 1956 (COMPANY LIMITED BY SHARES) MEMORANDUM OF ASSOCIATION OF K M RESIDENCY PRIVATE LIMITED I. The name of the Company is K M RESIDENCY PRIVATE LIMITED II. The Registered Office of the Company will be situated in the State of Rajasthan III. The objects for which the Company is established are:- (A) THE MAIN OBJECTS TO BE PURSUED BY THE COMPANY ON ITS INCORPORATION ARE: 1. To carry on the business as promoters, dealers, owners, investors, developers, agents, brokers of land, building, estates or any other structural or work of any kind whatsoever, whether rural, urban, residential, commercial or industrial and to acquire, purchase, take on lease or in exchange, hire or by any other means obtain ownership of and/or options over any freehold or other property of any tenure, state or interest or any rights, privileges or easements over or in respect of any property, land and building, to improve, alter, furnish, construct, promote, develop, finance or subsidize the same and to dispose of or maintain, assist in sale of the same, to build townships, buildings, residential, Colonies, factories, industries, warehouses, shops, cultural, sports or recreational commercial complexes, shopping malls including restaurants and hotels, markets or conveniences thereon or to equip the same or any part thereof with all or any amenities or conveniences, drainage, sanitat ion, facility, electricity, air-conditioning, internet, water, telephone and television installation and to deal with the same in any manner whatsoever, and to build, take on lease, and/or rent, purchase or acquire in any manner whatsoever any apartment, houses, flats, rooms, floors or other accommodation and to let or dispose of the on installment basis, hire purchase basis, deferred payment basis or by outright sale whether by private treaty or by public auction or in any other mode of disposition all or any integral part thereof. (B) THE OBJECTS INCIDENTAL OR ANCILLARY TO THE attainment of the main objects are: 1. To employ or enter into agreement with manger, engineers, accountants, mechanics masons, carpenters, cutters, welders, builders, repairers, painters, electricians, scaffold, sellers laborers and other persons for the objects of the company. 2. To purchase or otherwise acquire and undertake the whole or any part of the business property and assets, liabilities of persons or company carrying on any business similar to the main objects of the company and which the company is authorized to carry on. 3. To invest any surplus money not immediately required by the company in such investments other then shares or stock in this company as may be thought proper and to hold or sell such investments. 4. To purchase or otherwise acquire any patents, patent-rights, secret processes inventions concessions, licenses, right and privileges and the like, conferring and exclusive of non- exclusive or limited right to use, any secret or other information as to any invention which may seem capable to being used for any of the purposes of the company or the acquisition of which may seem calculated directly or indirectly to benefit the company and use, exercise, develop or grant, licenses, in respect of or otherwise turn to account the property, rights of information so acquired. 5. Subject to the Provision of Section 58 A of the Companies Act, 1956 and the rules framed there under the directions issued by the Reserve Bank of India from time to time as may be applicable to borrow or raise or secure the payment of the money in such manner as the Company may think fit and in particular by the issue of bonds, debentures or debenture- stock, perpetual or otherwise, whether constituting a charge upon all or any parts of the Company’s property, both present and future, including its uncalled capital or without constituting a charge as aforesaid and to receive money on deposit, on interest or otherwise, and to lend, advance or deposit money, on interest or otherwise, without security, to companies, firms or persons on such terms as may seem expedient, and in that the Company shall not carry on the business of banking as defined in the Banking Regulations Act, 1949. 6. To guarantee the payment of money secured by or payable under or in respect of bonds, debentures, debenture-stock, contracts, mortgages, charges, obligations and other securities of any company or of any authority whether Central, State, Municipal, Local or otherwise, or of any person whosoever, whether incorporated or not incorporated. 7. To enter into partnership or into any arrangement for sharing the profits or joint adventure with any person, firm or company carrying on or about to carry on any business capable of being conducted so as to directly or indirectly this Company and to acquire or join in the acquiring of any such business. 8. To sell or dispose of the undertaking of the Company or any part thereof for such consideration as the Company may think fit and in particulars for shares, fully or partly paid, debentures, debenture-stock (redeemable or perpetual) or securities of any other company having objects altogether or in part similar to those of this Company, and to distribute any such shares, debentures, debenture-stock or securities, amongst the members of this Company, either by way of dividends or upon any return of capital, subject to the provisions of the law in force. 9. To allot shares in this Company to be considered as fully or partly paid up on payment of any property of whatever description which the Company may acquire. 10. To sell, improve, manage, work, develop, lease, mortgage, charge, hypothecate, deposit by way of loan or otherwise dispose of, turn to account or otherwise deal with all or any part of the property of the Company whenever or however acquired. 11. To procure the Company to be recognized or registered in any foreign place of country. 12. To merge, reconstruct amalgamate with or without winding up with any company or companies having objects altogether or in part, similar to those of the present Company. 13. To promote any company or companies for the purpose of acquiring all or any of the property or liabilities of this Company or for any other purpose which may seem directly or indirectly calculated to benefit this Company and to underwrite, subscribe for, or otherwise acquire all or any part of the shares or securities of any such company as aforesaid. 14. To enter into arrangement with any authorities whether Central, State, Municipal, Local or otherwise that may seem conducive to the Company’s objects or any one of them, and to acquire by grant, purchase or otherwise from any such authority any rights, grants, rivileges and concessions of property or otherwise which the Company may think it desirable to obtain and to carry out, exercise and comply with any such arrangements, privileges and concessions. 15. To obtain or assist in obtaining any provisional or other order or license or any Act to Parliament or Law, Order or Charter of any Legislature of Government, for enabling the Company to carry any of its objects into effect. 16. To draw, make, accept, endorse, discount, execute and issue promissory notes, bills of exchange, bills of lading, warrants, orders, debentures and other negotiable or transferable instruments, and in that the Company shall not carry on the business of banking as defined in the Banking Regulation Act, 1949. 17. To grant pensions, allowances, gratuities and bonus to the employees or ex-employees of the Company or the dependents of such persons, and to establish and support or to aid in the establishment and support of associations, institutions, funds, trusts and convenience (except associations or institutions formed for the purposes of Life Insurance)calculated to benefit employees or ex-employees of the Company or its predecessors in business or the relatives, dependents of such persons and to subscribe or guarantee money to and for charitable or benevolent objects or for any exhibition or for any public, general or useful objects. 18. To remunerate the servants of the Company and others out of and in proportion to the profits of the Company, or otherwise, as the Company may think fit. 19. To remunerate any person or Company for service rendered about the formation or promotion of the Company or the conduct of its business. 20. To pay out of the funds of the Company all costs, charges, an d expenses preliminary and incidental to the promotion, formation, establishment and registration of the Company. 21. To take into consideration and to approve and confirm all acts, deeds or things that may be done or entered into with any person, firm or body corporate by the promoters of the Company and further to enter into any arrangement, agreement or contract with the promoters and/or to reimburse them in or in connection with the formation or promotion of the Company. 22. To adopt such means of making known to the public, the business of the Company as may seem expedient and in particulars by advertising in the press, by circulars and by publications of books and periodicals 23. In the event of winding up of the Company to distribute any of the property of the Company in specie amongst the members but to distribution amounting to a reduction in Capital be made, without obtaining the sanction of the relevant authority as may be required under the law for the time being in force. 24. To place, to reserve or to Issue bonus shares among distribute as dividends or bonus among the members or otherwise to apply, as the Company may form time to time think fit, any moneys received by way of premium on shares or debentures issued at a premium by the Company and moneys arising from the sale by the Company of forfeited shares, subject, however, to the provisions of the law for the time being in force. 25. To communicate with and /or give aid-pecuniary or otherwise, to any association body or movement having for its objects and solution, settlement of surmounting of industrial or labour problems for the promotion of industry or trade. 26. Subject to section 293A of the Companies Act, 1956 to subscribe in or donate to or guarantee money for any national philanthropic, charitable, benevolent, public general or useful object to any person, fund or organization, association or institution or for any purpose which may be likely directly or indirectly to further the objects of the Company or interest of its members. 27. To subscribe to, become a member of subsidiary and cooperate with any other association, whether incorporated or not, whose objects are altogether or in part similar to those of the Company and to procure from and communicate to any such association, such information as may be likely to further the objects of the company. 28. To acquire by purchase, lease, concession, grant, license or otherwise, such lands, buildings, minerals, waterworks, plants, machinery, stock-in-trade, stores, rights, privileges, easements and other property, as may from time to time be deemed necessary for carrying on the business of the Company, and build or erect upon any land of the Company howsoever acquired such manufactories, workshops, warehouses, offices, residence and other buildings and to erect such machinery and construct such roads, ways, tramways, railway branches or sidings, bridges, reservoirs, watercourses, hydraulic works. 29. To acquire form any person, firm or body corporate or unincorporated, whether in India or elsewhere, technical information, know-how, processes, engineering, manufacturing and operating date, plans, layout and blue-prints, useful for the design, erection and operation of plant required for the business of the Company and to acquire any grant or license and other rights and benefits in the fo regoing matters and things. 30. To insure with any other company, firm or persons against losses, damages and risk all kinds which may effect the Company, provided that nothing herein contained shall empower the Company to carry on the business of life assurance, accident assurance, fire assurance, employees, liability assurances, industrial assurance, motor assurance or any business of insurance or reinsurance within the meaning of the Insurance Act. 1983 or any Act amending, extending or re-enacting the same. 31. To create any depreciation fund, reserve fund, insurance fund, or any other special fund whether for depreciation or repairs, replacement, improvement, extension or maintenance of any of the properties of the Company or by way of Development Rebate Reserve, or for redemption of debentures or redeemable preference shares or for any other purpose conducive to the interest of the Company. 32. To carry on the other business in any part of the world whether manufacturing or otherwise that may seem to the Company capable of being conveniently carried on in connection with the above objects or calculated directly or indirectly to enhance the value of or render profitable any of the Company’s property or rights or which it may be advisable to undertake with a view to improving, developing, rendering, valuable or turning to account any property, real or personal, belonging to the Company or in which the Company may be interested and to do all or any of the above things, either as principals, agents, trustees, contractors or otherwise and either alone or in conjunction with others, and either by or through agents, subcontractors trustees or otherwise. (C) OTHER OBJECTS 1. To Purchase, take on lease or otherwise acquire any mines or quarries, mining rights, land, contracts, works and premises believed to contain various types of marble, granite, sand and lime stone, silica sand and to work, establish, explore, develop, exercise, process treat or deal in the aterial including by-products of mining and to establish factory for processing, finishing treating or conversion of the same into industrial and saleable material. 2. To act as financial, investment and management consultants, agents, brokers, Sub-brokers and representatives and to sell and advice about various schemes of investment small savings and banking services and for this purpose to apply approach acquire, hold and procure such rights title, entitlements, registrations, Licenses and permission from Government, Semi Government, Financial Institution, Companies, mutual funds, local authorities, public bodies, undertakings, banking companies, Reserve Bank of India and from other authorities as may be necessary and expedient. 3. To carry on business of electrical engineers, electricians, engineers, contractors, manufacturer, suppliers, importer, exporter, assembler, repairer, converter and dealer in all type of all electrical appliance, components, devices, disconnectors, transmission line, conductors, hardware, accessories, switchgears, clamps, connectors, distribution, and power transformers, instruments transformers, control panels, structural and general fabrication, isolating switches, dropout fuses, stay assemblies, cables wirelines, dry cells, accumulators and all other electrical goods and their allied product required or capable of being used in connection with the generation, transmission, distribution, supply accumulation and employment of electricity including high tention lines and extra high voltage field. 4. To carry on the business of garage keepers and suppliers of and dealers in petrol, electricity and other motive power for motor and other things. 5. To carry on the business of manufacturing, marketing, buying, selling, importing, exporting and to function as stockiest, suppliers, distributors, storers, warehousers, C ; F Agents and consignee agents of all kinds of pharmaceuticals, medical, chemical preparations, and compounds, medicines, herbal products, drugs and formulations, surgical and scientific equipment, appliances and accessories of all kinds and description. 6. To manufacture purchase or otherwise acquire and sell, dispose of, import, export exchange, hold and deal in diamonds, gems and stone (including kharad) whether precious or semi-precious, synthetic or imitation, bullion, ornament, jewellery consisting wholly or partly of gems and stones, precious metals and articles made therefrom, pearls, whether real or cultured, historical coins, handicraft goods, paintings, Sandalwood goods cutlery, blue Pottery and chinaware, costume curious articles and antiques. 7. To carry on the business of importers, exporters, buyers, sellers, stockiest, suppliers distributors, dealers, hirers, repairers, cleaners, storers and warehouser of automobiles, motor cars, lorries and vans, motor – cycles, cycle-cars, motors, scooters, carriages, amphibious vehicles and vehicles suitable for propulsion on land, sea or in the air or in any combination thereof and vehicles of all descriptions (all hereinafter comprised in the term â€Å"motors and other things†), whether propelled or assisted by means of petrol spirit, steam, gas, electrical, animal or other power, and of engines, chassis, bodies and other components, parts and accessories and all machinery, implements, utensils appliances, apparatuses, lubricants, solution, enamels and all things capable of being used for, in or in connection with manufacture maintenance and working of motors and other things or in the construction of any track or surface adopted for the use thereof. 8. To carry on the business of purchasing, selling whether on payment of full amount on or installment basis, exchanging, planning, managing, running, improving, developing, protecting, maintaining, controlling, supervising, disposing off, reclaiming letting or getting on hire, lease contract or otherwise dealing in agriculture farms, forests, gardens, forest products, nursery, pastures, crops, trees, leaves, orchards, estates, fields, plantations, farm houses, wasteland, barren land, arid lands, live stock and planning managing, running improving, developing, maintaining, protecting, controlling, supervising, reclaiming, letting or getting on lease, hire, contract or otherwise dealing in deserts, water resources, ponds, lakes, rivers, dams, cacals, wells, natural resources, environment and any other properties or any rights, privileges or easements therein whether belonging to company or not or whether for others or on own account and to carry on technical researches, experiments, deve lopment, tests, inventions and provide consultancy services in agriculture, animal husbandry, pollution control and forest environment and land development. 9. To carry on business as Custom House Agents, Custom Clearing Agents, Freight contractors, Shipping Agents, Clearing and forwarding agents, Licensing Agents, Air Freight Agents, Post and Insurance Agents and all kind of agencies business and general brokers. 10. To carry on the business of booking cargoes and luggage of the public in general and of companys constituents in particular with every type of carrier, in particular with air lines, steamship lines, railway and road carriers. 11. To carry on the business of buying, selling, importing, exporting, trading or otherwise deal in consumer products merchandise, provisions, food stuff and commodities of all kinds and description requisite for personal, household and industrial use and consumption, either finished, semi finished or raw material, including at footwears, decorative items, gift items, utility items, utencils, garments, pieces of arts, antiques, handicrafts machinery, equipments, electronic items, toys, capital goods or any other item and to act as an import and export house and to perform all the functions and undertake all activities connected therewith including obtaining and dealing in licenses, quotas, certificate and other rights. 12. To carry on business of designing, processing, manufacturing of all kinds of engineering and electronic items. 13. To carry on the business of manufacturing, processing, manipulating crushing, importing, exporting, buying, selling or otherwise dealing in fertilizers, pesticides, insecticides and other allied products. 14. To carry on the business of manufacturers and suppliers, erectors or fabricators or otherwise dealers in all kinds of plant, machinery and equipments, stores, tools, gadgets, wire drawers, tubes, boilers and other mechanical and electrical and electronic products, devices, contraptions, instruments, spares and components and to procure agencies for the same and to develop, acquire supply plans, drawings, estimates, project-reports and know- how for industries, business, Companies, services and public bodies and Government. 15. To purchase, acquire, take on lease, sub-lease or License or exchange, hire, construct, manage, control or otherwise carry on the business of cinema hall, theatres, studio, picture places, multiplex theatres, or for purpose of exhibition of films, dramatic or theatrical performances, concerts or other entitlements or amusements and to provide for the production, direction exhibition, representation, displays, whether by mechanicals means or otherwise and to carry on the business of films, talkies, exhibitors, producers distributors and directors of films and any activities relating to stage performance. 16. To manufacture assemble, fit, repair, convert, overhaul after maintain and mprove all types of electronic components, devices, equipments and appliances equipments such as television and wireless apparatus including radio receivers and transmitters, tap recorders broadcast relay and receition equipments phonographs and other equipments used an in or for audio and visual communicat ions apparatus and equipments including those using electromagnetic waves intended for radio-telegraphic or radio-telephonic communication photocopiers electric lighting controls, continuos fan/motor speed controls continuous flashers and fire alarm systems, digital and other electronic clock time relay punch card machines electromechanical pneumatic controls computers and automatic calculators X – rays machines tubes surgical medical and other appliances intended for slectro and other therapy treatment and in all types of tapes magnetic and otherwise photographic films projectors and carriers and capicitors resistance condensors semi-condensors transistors recifiers integrated and hybrid circults relays potentiometer connectors printed circuits coils chocks transformers switches volume controls plugs sockers aerial gears diodes and allied items intended for used in electronic device and in air conditioners automobiles refrigators washing machine heaters and cooking renges an d other types of domestic appliances and any type of equipments used in the generation transmission and receiving of sound light and electrical impulses and component parts thereof and other materials used in or in connection with electronic and electrical industries 17. To carry on the business of farming, horticulture, floriculture, sericulture, tissuculture, green houses, red houses, drips irrigation, sericulture, dairies, cultivation of all kinds of food grains, seeds oil-seeds, fruits, flowers, hohoba, proprietors of orachards and traders, importers, exports, sellers, buyers and dealers in aof products farming horticulture, floriculture, sericulture and fishing and to carry on the business of growers manufacturers, traders grinders, rollers, processors, storers, cold canneres and preservers and dealers of poultry products fodder, fruits, dehydrated, canned or converted agricultural products provisions, food, vegetable herbs flowers and to extract by-products and derivatives whether edible, pharmaceutical, medicinal, or of any kind of nature whether and food preparation of every kind and description and to carry on the business of tissue cultural laboratories, production of plant manufacturing of agro products and extraction of oils floriculture activities and providing consultancy for the above referred objects, whether in India or elsewhere. 18. To purchases take on lease, hire, erect, construct, build, alter, equip, maintain or otherwise acquire, establish, run, manage, administer own and to carry on the business of running, Hotels, Motels, Resorts, Inns, holiday homes, guest houses, refreshment rooms and lodging apartments, housekeepers, night clubs, casinos, discotheques musement and entertainment parks, swimming pools, health clubs, dressing rooms, library play ground, licensed victualers, wine, beer and spirit merchants, dealers, and manufacture of aerated and artificial water and other in India or in any part of the world and to act as agents of any hotel and to perform all and singular the several duties, services which any hotel company usually do and perform. IV. The liability of the members is limited. V. The authorised capital of the Company is RS. 1,00,000/- (Rupees One lakhs) divided into 10,000 ( Ten thousand Equity Shares of Rs. 10/- (Rupees. Ten) each. We, the several persons whose names and addresses are sub scribed, are desirous of being formed into Company in pursuance of this Memorandum of Association, and we respectively agree to take the number of shares in the capital of the Company set opposite our respective names: – Sl. No. | Signatures, Names, Description, Addresses and Occupations of the Subscribers| No. f Equity Shares taken by each Subscribers| Signatures, Names, Addresses Description and Occupations of Witness| 1. 2. 3| Sd/- PRABHA CHAND CHANDWAR PRABHA CHAND CHANDWARD-32, PRADHAN PATH, CHOMU HOUSE,C-SCHEME, JAIPUR BUSINESSSd/- AMIT CHANDWAR AMIT CHANDWARF-65, SUBHASH MARG, C-SCHEME,JAIPUR BUSINESSSd/- ANUJ JAIN ANUJ JAIN BAZAR NO 1,CHANDWAR HOUSE, RAMGANJ MANDI, KOTABUSINESS| 3400 (Three Thousand four hundred)3300 (Three Thousand three hundred)3300( Three thousand three hundred| I Witness the signature of both subscribersSd/- Vijay K. Jain(VIJAY K. JAIN)S/o Shri Amar Chand JainB. Khosla ; Co; M I Road, JaipurM No. 70758| | | 10000 ( Ten thousand)| | Place: JAIPUR D ate: 12th day of September, 2012 How to cite Renting and Company, Essay examples

An Critical analysis of the poetic elements within the little

An Critical analysis of the poetic elements within the little-studied Essay Donnas expert manipulation of each literary technique, making each literary element work to its least potential in conveying his underlying theme, is what defines The Sun Rising as such a splendid bolt of cloth and an admirable work of literature. The literary elements Done utilizes to achieve these means are expressive use of imagery, artful incorporation of important themes which heighten the intensity of the poem, and brilliant manipulation of the sound devices that create the flowing mood within the poem, ranging from terse to euphoric. Busy old fool, unruly Sun, Why dost thou thus, Through windows, and through curtains, call on us? Must to thy motions lovers seasons run? Saucy pedantic wretch, go chide Late school-boys and sour prenticed, Go tell court-huntsmen that the king will ride, Call country ants to harvest offices; Love, all alike, no season knows nor clime, Nor hours, days, months, which are the rags of time. Thy beams so reverend, and strong Why should thou think? I could eclipse and cloud them with a wink, But that I would not lose her sight so long. If her eyes have not blinded thin, Look, and to-morrow late tell me, Whether both the Indians of spice and mine Be where thou lefts them, or lie here with me. Ask for those kings whom thou straws yesterday, And ho shall hear, All here in one bed lay. Shes all states, and all princes I; Nothing else is; Princes do but play us; compared to this, All humors mimic, all wealth alchemy. Thou, Sun, art half as happy as we, In that the worlds contracted thus; Thin age asks ease, and since thy duties be To warm the world, thats done in warming us. Shine here to us, and thou art everywhere; This bed thy center is, these walls thy sphere Donnas primary strategy for making The Sun Rising a powerful, effective poem is through incorporation of powerful, vivid imagery that draws the reader into the mom, offering a glimpse of Donnas thoughts. Donnas foremost image in The Sun Rising is the sun as a nosy busy old fool who nettles in romantic relationships (Bloom 16). Done is clearly upset at the sun for its rude interruption of Done and his wife, as evidenced by his statement in lines one through three of the poem: Busy old fool, unruly Sun, why dost thou thus, through windows, and through curtains, call on us? The image Done uses, comparing the sun to a nosy old bat, draws the reader to Donnas side in his argument against the sun. This occurs wrought the reader identifying with Done in his protests against the sun, as almost no reader can truthfully state that there has never been an instance in which they did not want to get out bed after being awakened prematurely. Bloom endorses this analysis in his summation of Donnas image as the sun is reduced to a large cosmic alarm clock, calling the poet back to the daylight world of education, business, and politics; its task no more than to chide late schools oboes, and swore prenticed (5-6) (27). Blooms reference to lines 5 and 6 of the poem refers to Donnas ext descriptor of the sun. The second image Done utilizes is the sun as an overly formalistic, inordinately precise being who scolds late school-boys and sour prenticed (6). Donnas choice of diction, in this instance, is responsible for the vividness of the image. A third significant image evident in the poem is Donnas acceptance and welcome of the sun into his bed, This bed thy center is, these walls thy sphere (30). This image signals Donnas submission to the sun, Juxtaposed with his initial anger at the sun in the beginning of the poem. This Juxtaposition is clear evidence of movement from one point of view to another, otherwise known as a resolution, and its incorporation into The Sun Rising signifies Donnas peace- making with the sun. A Brief On Paul Czanne EssayFurther testimony to Done as a poet is the fact that the sound in Donnas poetry not only echoes the sense in part communicates the emotion. The fact that people are better able to diet the meaning and emotion of spoken word as opposed to reading words from a is widely accepted, and illustrates Donnas poetic skill, as he weaves the emotion attempts to convey into the sound of his poetry. Donnas primary means of accomplishing this intricate and formidable task is through manipulation of the rhythm of The Sun Rising. Done is able to manipulate the rhythm of the Poe putting the rhyme scheme in a specific order. The rhyme scheme of The Sun R is BACKSIDE. The rhyme scheme of the poem directly affects the speed and cadence with which the poem is read. By rhyming the ending words in each Ii a particular scheme, Done gives the poem a specific flow. The flow of the pop of The Sun Rising possesses a quick tense quality, and gives the poem a chi feel. Its texture i s sinewy and often irregular. It is not smooth verse, but it is e and musical. However, the closing lines of The Sun Rising possess a sense of tranquility and sensuousness (The Poetry of Done 3). Additionally, John Don manipulates the sound devices by placing words that are critical to the message the poem in positions that correspond with a phonetic stress in the meter. D In example, Done places the words: bed, center, walls and sphere in line 30 tactically so that they fall under a vocal stress in the meter, which coincides wit fact that these words are most critical to understanding the message of line 30. Additionally: Done uses meter and intricate syntactical arrangements to convey the superiority of the love portrayed in The Sun Rising. He employs an uneven syllable count in his lines by varying his line length from short, pithy lines with four syllables to longer iambic pentameter lines. His manipulations of the syllable count allow Done to operate with different levels of stress and syntactical arrangement. The terse four- syllable lines create a forceful tension in each stanza. Daley 2) In conclusion, Grievers exquisitely summarizes The Sun Rising in his statement: In Donnas poem one feels the quickening of the brain, the vision extending its range, the passion gathering sweep with the expanding rhythms, and from the mind thus heated and inspired emerges, not a cry that might stay its course, but a clearer consciousness of the eternal significance of love, not love that aspires after the unattainable, but the love that unites contented hearts (32).

Why Is the Story called Fanny and Annie Essay Example

Why Is the Story called Fanny and Annie Paper For many people, the title of D. H Lawrences short story seems to be inappropriate in relation to the story, as the title seems to infer that the two main characters in the story are Fanny and Annie. However, this is exceptionally misleading, as Annie is not seen at all within the story. Fanny, is the main character in the story, together with her fiance, Harry. Perhaps, a more suitable title would be Fanny and Harry as the story chronicles their relationship. Much of the tale concerns Fanny and her feelings towards her return to Moresby and her impending marriage to Harry. The first scene is set in the local station where Harry is picking up Annie. The scene is hugely important to the book as it gives the reader certain assumptions about the two main characters, which the reader carries through throughout the story. Her entrance into the story tells the reader a great deal about her personality. Lawrence uses the colour of red and in particular the image of fire, to describe her fiery nature, in the light of the furnace together with, The pulse and darkness of the red fire from the furnace towers in the sky illustrates this point. We will write a custom essay sample on Why Is the Story called Fanny and Annie specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Why Is the Story called Fanny and Annie specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Why Is the Story called Fanny and Annie specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer However, when Fanny meets Harry, the author uses gloomy colours to describe the scene, The flames had sunk, there was a shadow. This image is reinforced by the colour of scarf Harry is wearing, his red-and-black scarf knotted round his neck, this could suggest the two personalities in the relationship, Harrys black drabness coupled with Fannys fiery nature. We later learn that Fanny was once a ladys maid but had rejected that lifestyle to come back to marry her first love, a foundry worker. However, we can see that Fanny is not entirely happy with the scenario she is in, this is best illustrated when she is comparing her arrival with her arrival at Gloucester, her previous dwellings, Compare this with the arrival at Gloucester, the carriage for her mistress, the dogcart for herself everybody so polite to her. This is followed by quotes such as She had come home -for good and more importantly What a comedown! Her relationship with Harry is one she feels committed to by obligation and does not seem to possess a true love for him. We can derive this from the passage from the opening scene when the sky turned dark when she met him. When she thought about Harry her thoughts were not exactly brimming with compliments, He had his attraction even for Fanny and she felt he was like a doom to her. At this stage the reader feels that the only reason that Fanny does not love him is due to his mannerisms, His way was common. An interesting way to look at Fanny is to see her relationships with both her aunt and Mrs. Goodall, Harrys mother. Her Aunt Lizzie seems to be very knowledgeable about Fannys situation The two women sat and talked far into the night. They understood each other. Lizzie seems to be against the marriage and believes Fanny is going into it for the wrong reasons, You cant wonder you know, child, if he doesnt seem so keen, its your own fault. Fannys answer typifies her feelings towards Harry, Oh aunt, I couldnt stand him when he was keen. I can do with him a lot better now The fact that Fanny can just do with him shows Fannys true feelings towards the relationship. Lizzy attitude toward her nieces predicament is displayed after Fanny has gone, Poor Aunt Lizzie, she cried woefully over her bright niece when she had gone to bed. Fannys relationship with her future mother-in-law, Mrs. Goodall is somewhat different, Between Fanny and Mrs. Goodall, his mother, there was naturally no love lost. Lawrence uses Mrs. Goodall as a direct contrast to Fanny, Mrs Goodall has a distinct hate of the upper class, She fairly hated the sound of correct English. This seems like a match made in hell, however we see that Mrs. Goodall does have a slight liking towards Fanny, For Mrs. Goodall was impressed by Fanny a woman of her own match or perhaps because she had been left two Hundred Pounds by her Aunt Kate. This shows the reader how Fanny is perceived by other people. What the reader can deduce from this is that Fanny seems to get on with people despite the fact that she seems to look down on the residents of Moresby. Annie has a more abstract role in the story. Annie has a very small part to play in the story. In fact, we do not see her at all. However, her impact on the story is unmistakable. Annie comes from a very poor family, shes a tanger-s We know her mother, Mrs Nixon is a rather evil woman, as we can see from the description that Harry is relating to Fanny, Shed half-kill if they made a mark on the floor. This apparently turned Annie into a bit of a wildchild, Ay, she is alright. But she is always in an out th pubs with th fellows. Mrs. Nixon berates Harry for causing Annie to get pregnant. She first reveals this in a church. This is very important, as the church has great meaning to the story. The church is the symbol of love in Fannys life. She first went their with her first fianci Luther, the true love of her life, her cousin Luther at her side, young, clever as well as where she had the most admiration for Harry, for he was a soloist in the choir where he had a certain winsomeness, the church itself had been vividly depicted by Lawrence, and again the little old chapel was a bower, this is all done to build up the moment on the unsuspecting reader. The author does this to make the reader feel the same sense of disbelief about the accusation as the rest of the congregation did, Fanny, startled like the rest. At this point the plot changes completely, no more is Harry the man who was not very marked and becomes this womaniser who has copulated with a young girl. In one moment, Fanny goes from aggressor to victim and Harry from victim to aggressor. However, in my opinion Fanny knows more about Mrs Nixon and her daughter Annie, for she has seen Mrs Nixon before, Fanny stared across the darkness, and saw a woman with a black bonnet what is interesting as black was the colour used to describe Harry in the first scene. Black symbolises mystery and seediness, which the story turned into after Mrs Nixons revelations. Fanny seems to have accepted Harrys past after Harry admitted sleeping with her, it is no more mine than any other chaps and her role as the victim is confirmed when she chooses to stay in Harrys house after he had admitted it, Ill stop with you tonight, mother. Calling Mrs. Goodall mother is telling the reader that she is still going to marry Harry, despite his past misdemeanours. Harrys behaviour is Lawrences message to society. The story written in 1921, the year women got the vote, hence, became emancipated. However, in most places, especially in the Industrial Midlands and the North, men still had a very low regard for women. Harry seems to treat women like sex objects. He is marrying Fanny despite the fact that she had already rejected him once. This means he must realise that fanny does not love him, but he still is going ahead with the wedding. This coupled with the fact that he slept with an underage girl, Thatll not get you out of it, in court shows us that he treats women with disdain and gives them little respect. Harry, though does not seem to be bothered with the outcome of his escapades and it seems that the local community seem to believe him rather than Mrs Nixon. Lawrence is trying to show the public that if a woman had done what Harry had done then she would be labelled a Whore or a strumpet and would be ex-communicated from the community. However, men represented by Harry seem to get away with this sort of behaviour. The author is also attacking the institution of marriage. Most of the marriages in the book were false. Fanny and Harrys relationship is also seemingly doomed. In the 1920s women started coming out of failed relationships. However, the culture beforehand was just to grin and bear it, which Lawrence is deploring.

Definition and Examples of Conditional Sentences

Definition and Examples of Conditional Sentences In English grammar, a conditional sentence is a type of sentence that expresses one situation (the condition,  antecedent, or protasis in a dependent clause) as a condition for the occurrence of another situation (the result, consequent, or apodosis in the main clause). Put simply, the basic structure underlying most conditional sentences can be expressed as, If this, then that. Also called a conditional construction  or a conditional. In the field of logic, a conditional sentence is sometimes referred to as an implication. A conditional sentence contains a conditional clause, which is a type of adverbial clause  usually (but not always) introduced by the subordinating conjunction if, as in, If I pass this course, I will graduate on time. The main clause in a conditional sentence often includes the modal  will, would, can, or could. A subjunctive conditional is a conditional sentence in the subjunctive mood, such as, If he were to show up here right now, Id tell him the truth. Examples and Observations In each of the following examples, the italicized word group is a conditional clause. The sentence as a whole is a conditional sentence. If I ruled the world,Every man would be as free as a bird,Every voice would be a voice to be heard,Take my word, we would treasure each day that occurred.(Leslie Bricusse  and  Cyril Ornadel, If I Ruled the World. Pickwick, 1963)If I ruled the world, was king on the throne,Id make peace in every culture, build the homeless a home.(Nasir Jones et al., If I Ruled the World (Imagine That), 1995)Now, if I had  been that young woman, I would have planted my feet, looked those men straight in the eye, and dared them to try to put me on board a ship when I didnt want to go, but times were different then.(Jennifer Chiaverini,  The Quilters Apprentice, 1999)Even  if she were to  confide in them all her suspicions, even  if she were to  tell them about the pills, even  if she were to  lead them to her locker at the Greyhound Bus Terminal and actually present them with her bloodied dress and the stacks of hundred-dollar bills, she would be regarded with skepticism and outrig ht disbelief.(Joy Fielding, See Jane Run. William Morrow, 1991) All this can be a dreadfully boring business, unless you think you have a future.(Bernard Malamud, The German Refugee, 1964)Conditional Clauses That Are Not Introduced by a Conjunction- It is possible to construct conditional clauses that do not begin with if or unless. The commonest way of doing this is to begin the clause with one of these words: were, should, had. For example: Were I to own a new BMW car, another ten microcomputers would be at my command, so their advertisements claim.Should you succeed in becoming a planner, you would be helping to create these parameters.Had I ignored my fitness, I could never have played international cricket for twenty years. (John Seely, Oxford A-Z of Grammar and Punctuation, rev. 2nd ed. Oxford University Press, 2013)-  Were I to take a turn into the country,  the trees would present a leafless, wintry appearance.(Thomas Paine, winter 1792)- Let Domingo be my heir  should I fail to return, I said to the House that surrounded me.(Jane L indskold, Child of a Rainless Year. Tor Books, 2005)- Yet this strangest of all things that ever came to earth from outer space must have fallen while I was sitting there, visible to me  had I only  looked up as it passed.(H.G. Wells,  The War of the Worlds, 1897) Using the Past Perfect in ConditionalsIf the situations are set in the past, the past perfect is used in the conditional clause and a past perfect modal, usually would have, in the main clause. - If we had been there yesterday, we would have seen them. (But we were not there yesterday.)- If he had been given a good mark, he would have told me. (But it seems that he was not given a good mark.) If the auxiliary in the conditional clause is were, had, or should, we can omit if and front the auxiliary: - Were she here now, there would be no problem.- Had we stayed at home, we would have met them.- Should you see him, give him my best wishes. (Sidney Greenbaum and Gerald Nelson, An Introduction to English Grammar, 2nd ed. Pearson, 2002)Direct and Indirect ConditionsConditional clauses generally express a direct condition, indicating that the truth of the host clause (or apodosis) is dependent on the fulfillment of the condition in the conditional clause (or protasis). However, some condit ional clauses may express an indirect condition that is related to the speech act: [18]   And if I remember rightly you had jaundice didnt you (if I remember rightly it would be true to say)[19]   I mean if I told you honestly things can be really interesting [...][20]   [. . .] I did need to have a need to say , that I was doing something because uhm , otherwise I wouldnt be anybody if you see what I mean Direct conditions may be either open (or real) or hypothetical (or closed or unreal). Open conditions leave completely open whether the condition will be fulfilled: [21] Youre going to have huge trouble , if youve infected me. In [21] the speaker does not give any indication whether he or she believes that the conditionthe infection by the person addressedhas been fulfilled.(Sidney Greenbaum, Oxford English Grammar. Oxford University Press, 1996) Material Conditionals in LogicA material conditional expresses  another type of connection, neither causal nor logical yet similar to other types of conditionals in that it cannot be true if it has a false consequent and a true antecedent. An example of a material conditional is If humans live on Jupiter, then my great-grandmother was an astronaut. Although no natural link connects the antecedent and  consequent in this conditional, its meaning is clear. The point of this sentence, and others like it in English, is to emphasize that the antecedent is false. It is a way of expressing No way is there human life on Jupiter.Although material conditionals are often just  humorous ways of stating that something is false, we can draw from them a logically useful principle about interpreting sentential connectives. In a material conditional, the if... then... that connects the component sentences is a  truth-functional connective. This means that the truth of the conditional sentence is determined completely by (is a  function of) the truth of its component sentences. The only circumstance under which a material is false is when it has a true antecedent and a false consequent. That is why the compound sentence If theres human life on Jupiter then my great-grandmother was an astronaut can be used to state the falsity of there is human life on Jupiter. The consequent of the conditional (my great-grandmother was an astronaut) is obviously false. Yet the sentence as a whole is understood as true. But if the antecedent were true, then the conditional would be false, for it would have a true antecedent and a false consequent. Thus, a material conditional  of the form If (antecedent), then (consequent) is true unless the antecedent is true and the consequent is false. (Merrilee H. Salmon,  Introduction to Logic and Critical Thinking, 6th ed. Wadsworth, Cengage, 2013)

Article Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 7

Article Summary - Essay Example The author herself says that she combines all these, incongruous at the first sight, painting styles and cultures trying to find the lost identity. Hayv Kahraman is twenty eight, she was born in Baghdad and she is very proud of being an Iraqi; at the age of ten she mowed to Sweden with all her family, then she started attending school at the Academy of Art and Design in Florence; Hayv studied graphic design, but displayed a great interest in classical arts. In the academy she met her future husband and together they moved to Arizona. For the first time Hayv Kahraman felt depressed and was so to say isolated from the world of Art so, she put all her energy into her pictures. Five of her works were bought by Charles Saatchi a lot of other pictures were displayed and sold during different exhibitions held in the Third Line gallery in Dubai and the New York gallery. The Kahraman’s recent works consolidated under the name â€Å"Domestic Marionettes† reflect the authors consi derations about the women’s life in the

STP Analysis, Instacart Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

STP Analysis, Instacart - Essay Example These are different market segments with different needs. For schools Instacart provides a combination of high quality and affordable groceries. On the other hand, for the light commercial customers, Instacart offers a variety of comprehensive groceries with extraordinary convenience. Instacart relentlessly focuses on its quality and customer experience. In doing this, Instacart offers its customers low prices, wide selection and convenience products and brands. Achieving repeat purchases and customer loyalty remains the key aspects to Instacart success. Instacart communicates fulfillment of its promises including the delivery of date estimates, options for expedited delivery, update facilities, delivery shipment notifications and presentation of latest inventory through availability of information (Cheng 32). Instacart provides quality, timely customer service, fast and reliable fulfillment, and trusted transaction environment. It also features rich in nutrients products and repeated customer purchases systems. Large retailers, physical retailers, vendors, manufacturers and distributors of alternative products most of which tend to possess sales volumes, significant grocery awareness. Some competitors who sell the franchise products through direct marketing, mail order and the internet The primary competitive factor in Instacart is its market segments that include quality and fresh products, convenience, selection, availability, price, personalized services, brand recognition, discovery, information, speed of fulfillment and customer service (Manjoo). Other competitive factors include: reliability, trust in transactions and having the ability to adapt changing markets conditions. For products offered to individual and business sellers, additional competitive factors in this case includes their ability to generate sales especially for third parties in which Instacart serves,

McDonald's Marketing Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

McDonald's Marketing Plan - Essay Example The researcher states that political factors are usually beyond the control of the organization. A business needs to prepare for the changes that might occur and take the necessary action required to remedy the situation. For example, some parts of the Middle East are unstable and McDonald being from Britain should be careful of what they say since it could hurt their business. Economic factors can affect the performance of the business. For example, the recent economic recession that led to the closure of multiple businesses and the laying off countless personnel. McDonald should put measures in place to shield itself from any future problems that might occur. Social factors can relate to the cultures, values, and beliefs of the society. It consists of the population’s demographics, which include size, gender, ethnicity, and education. It helps McDonald target their business services and products. McDonald Company embodies a broad spectrum of services, so it allows useful inf ormation to them. Developments in the technology world can affect business performance in both negative and positive ways. For example, the internet and consumer behaviors have changed towards the internet; this has negatively affected McDonald because there has been as a decrease in sales in their book section. It is because e-commerce has taken business away. However, the launch of online shopping has enabled McDonald`s to expand rapidly since all their products in one place, and it has become easy to navigate. It will be beneficial to McDonald`s because people in Europe love to shop, and a one-stop shop will be a crowd puller.

Was Woodrow Wilson A Naive Idealist?

Was Woodrow Wilson A Naive Idealist? Wilson had a clear and definite vision for the USs future role in world affairs, as evidenced by his fourteen points speech, his overwillingness to compromise (in trying to further domestic program agenda, and at the Paris conference), and in his allowing the League of Nations to die when it did not fit his original plans. Wilsons ideas are used even to this day, where Americans, in any conflict regarding foreign policy, see themselves as the force of morality and their opponents as being evil, or corrupted. Also, Americans still believe in the need to spread the ideals of democracy around the world. The fact that Wilson has left so strong of a legacy on Americans shows that his ideals were not naà ¯ve, but instead very well thought out and comprehensive. Pro Summary: Wilson characterized as a noble idealist whose principles have made it difficult for later presidents to develop a foreign policy based on national self-interest. (Kissinger) Believed that Americas global influence was dependent on its selflessness Was able to take once isolationist US into war by first asserting to the public that his administration was devoted to peace. Affirmed that US sought no other gain than to vindicate its principles. Based foreign policy on moralistic ideals like the spread of democracy and spread of American principles as opposed to recognizing issues with balance of power. Had the conviction that the Anglo-Saxon race was superior and had the duty to remake world in their image He thought peace was based on universal law and national trustworthiness instead of equilibrium and national self-assertion. No other country has based international leadership on altruism instead of national interests. Entrance into WWI was not based on national interests at all but rather about moral foundations and abiding by the universal law. The effect of such a moral basis leads to total victory as the only valid goal so compromise is not possible. He didnt understand that the war was actually based on clashing of national interests and power struggle in Europe. Fourteen Points Speech- tried to affirm that war was being fought for moralistic ideals, as opposed to power struggle. He immaturely supported the idea of the League of Nations Believed in morality of the universe, and that nations of the world all interested in protecting peace He thought the war had resulted simply out of public ignorance bt the actual causes were much more complicated. Basic premise behind the League of nations was naive because in nearly all difficult cases nations tend to disagree about the nature of a threat or discrepancy ie. Italian aggressions and the Bosnian crisis Inflexible in ideals Caused by the moral foundation that he was built upon Inflexibility evidenced by tenure at Princeton, and his many strict changes to the school Con Summary: Wilson understood better than his nationalistic opponents the new international role that America would play in world affairs and was therefore not a naà ¯ve idealist. (Carleton) Wilson is being judged by personality traits: double standard at work. Wilson was said to be naà ¯ve even though he wanted to preserve a power balance by preventing Germany from being partitioned but FDR and TR supported harsh peace and forced unconditional surrender understood it. Long term program for America today is still based on Wilsonian liberalism- advocacy of American values like collective security, self-determination, and democracy At the Paris conference, European diplomats were impressed at Wilsons negotiating skills: compromised too much He repeatedly helped make compromises between liberals and conservatives in the Democratic Party and thus was able to pass the Federal Reserve Act, the Clayton Anti-Trust Law, the Federal Trade Commission, and more. In truth, Wilson compromised too much. Claim that he is stubborn is based entirely from fight in the Senate over ratification of the League of Nations Claim that he killed his own brainchild, the League of Nations, is unfounded in that Wilson knew that even if he attempted to appease the southerners, Lodge would eventually put enough reservations on it so as to emasculate it. Truly shows Wilsons determination and consistency in wanting to create a fully functional League Wilson had already attempted to satisfy Lodge with the inclusion of safeguards in the Leauge, but Lodge continued to use the Reservations to change the entire proposal If Wilson had tried to go on with Lodges reservations, other Nations probably wouldnt even join because of the fact that the other nations had to become signees before America even signed on, and thus they became suspicious of the agreement. Wilsons ideals and principles were not even naà ¯ve Wilsons peace without Victory speech demonstrates he had a clear understanding of the balance of power. Able to steer US from war with Mexico, despite tensions, and used diplomatic understanding to help the Mexican revolution be successful. He understood that the only way to prevent war in the future was through collective security- League of Nations. Comparable to todays UN Knew that dividing Germany would not help create a power balance. Able to keep up with need for domestic social reform Wilsons invasion of Haiti in 1915 ended bloody civil war Administration expanded American bureaucracy and was the inspiration for FDRs New Deal. The Treaty of Versailles was the best peace it could have been considering the circumstances and brought forth many revolutionary ideas: The mandate system helped prepare colonies for independence, preventing portioning of Germany, success in confining German responsibilities to civilian damage and Allied military pensions instead of the whole cost of the war.

Global Warming Is Eroding Glacial Ice :: Analysis, Andrew C. Revkin

People are responsible for higher carbon dioxide atmosphere emissions, while the Earth is now into the Little Ice Age, or just behind it. These factors together cause many years discussions of the main sources of climate changes and the temperature increasing as a result of human been or natural changes and its consequences; even if its lead to the global warming, or to the Earth’s cooling. In their articles, â€Å"Global Warming Is Eroding Glacial Ice† by Andrew C. Revkin and â€Å"Global Warming Is Not a Threat to Polar Ice† by Philip Stott, both authors discuss these two theories (Revkin 340; Stott 344). Revkin is right that global warming is taking place. Significant increase of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is due to human activities combined with natural factors such as volcanic emissions and solar radiation – all together they lead to climate changes and temperatures rising. At the same time, other factors such as deforestation contribute to envi ronmental changes for some glaciers not less than air pollution. However, during global warming not all regions of the planet are affected in the same way, local warming and cooling are both possible during these changes. First, during the last few decades the Earth is experiencing greater rate of rising temperatures due to greenhouse gases that are being produced by human activities rather than because of environmental reasons, such as solar or volcanic activities. In 2006 the President of the National Academy of Sciences stated: â€Å"There is no doubt that the Earth is warming,† also he added that people are at least partly responsible for these changes in addition to regular factors (Cicerone, par.4). Natural factors have produced climate fluctuations on Earth for several million years. People have effected an atmosphere of the Earth just for nearly one hundred years, since Industrial Revolution has begun (Revkin 340). Of course, it is unfair to say that global warming is caused entirely by humans. For example, people can not have an impact on the position of Earth in relation to the sun, or on the galactic density, or such nature events as air emissions of volcanic gases. As a result of th ese environmental factors, Earth usually had higher rates of temperature fluctuations during the previous million years than it has in later centuries. On the other hand, people are responsible for the highest concentration of greenhouse gases during the last 650,000 years in the atmosphere due to industrial manufacturing, driven by the increase in consumer consumption (Lindsey, par.

Science Boon or Bane

Gone is the age of steam. We are now in the age of hydrogen bombs and electricity. The most fantastic dreams of H. G. Wells in his novel Dream have come true. Thus, in this space age, where the wonders of science excel the wonders of nature, science affects our day-to-day life. Science has surpassed the old miracles of mythology and yesterday's faith has proved to be today's superstition in the crucibles of science. Science is a wonderful gift presented to humans. With science, we can create a small matchstick to a huge rocket. Science answers to many of our  questions.Everything around us is just because of science. Internet has given undreamed access to learners. Also science has always helped us to come out from the jaws of death. Nowadays medical techonology is so improved that we can cure illness in the finest part of the body without having any physical contact with it. Their is no field where science has not developed and helped us to make our life's easier. Even agriculture is now depend on science . Robots now do man's chores. Mobile phones, computers have allowed us to reach in  any part the world at any time.Where we need 100's of pages to write a data , it can be now saved in a small chip which we can carry everywhere. Because of all these things science is like a boon to mankind. But it is humans irrational thoughts turn the gifts of science into banes. It is said that science is a good servant but a bad master. When we regenerate energy from natural resources like wind, sun, water and other non biodegradable substances we feel proud but when the consequences lie on ozone layer depletion, radioactive radiation make us afraid.I think it's truly said that good and evil are two sides of a same coin as on one side it has made our life comfortable and easy and also we cannot ignore the other side that science made factories which led to pollution and made phones which causes our eyes irritations and made transport which led to air pollution science made electricity which leads to wastage of coals. So at first we need to restrict our greedy thoughts which may lead to destruction of our planet. If we are able to do that then science will remain as a boon always for mankind.

Camuss The Stranger Essay

Camuss The Stranger Essay Free Online Research Papers In Camus’s The Stranger, Meursault, the protagonist, finds himself sentenced to death in an absurd twist of fate. For no rational reason, Meursault takes the life of an Arab, whom he does not wish to kill, on a hot, sunny afternoon in Algiers. Through the use of imagery, Camus successfully transforms the African sun into a symbol of hostility that ultimately leads Meursault to commit murder. Camus consistently uses the sun as a tool to represent antagonism and aggression. The author does so only in the most significant passages in the novel, such as during his mother’s funeral and the confrontation with the Arabs. This symbolism occurs in both of these scenes due to the physical response that it elicits from Meursault and the relationship between the funeral, the murder, and Meursault’s trial and conviction. One must consider the context of the symbolism in order to grasp how Camus employs the sun as the source of antagonism. For example, the sun is described as â€Å"a hostile presence†¦ symboliz[ing] violence and destruction† (S. John, 113). The author uses both tactile and visual imagery within the text to describe the hostile nature of the sun. By appealing to a reader’s sense of sight, Camus depicts the sun as painful to Meursault’s vision. The young man states that during his walk on the beach, â€Å"the sun was shining almost directly overhead onto the sand, and the glare on the water was unbearable† (Camus, 52). Literary critics too recognize the adverse impact of the sun. For example, S. John comments, â€Å"the incidence of images of light increases as events reach their destructive climax† (S. John, 113). Camus uses tactile imagery for the same effect with diction like â€Å"overpowering† and â€Å"heavy.† Even â€Å"the weight of the sun obstructs his progress† (S. John, 113). The harmful influence of the sun directly leads Meursault to kill the Arab both literally and metaphorically. Before the murder, Meursault notes that â€Å"there was the same dazzling red glare†¦ and I could feel my forehead swelling under the sun†¦ With every blade of light that flashed off the sand†¦ my jaws tightened† (Camus, 57). As a direct result of the sun, Meursault’s body tenses. He unwittingly pulls the trigger, firing off a single shot soon followed by four additional rounds, all striking the Arab. Thus, the sun literally forces Meursault to kill. As S. John observes, the sun metaphorically leads the Frenchman to shoot the Arab as well. The literary critic states, â€Å"the destructive act takes place under the aegis of the sun and seems to be a simple extension of its influence† (S. John). Additionally, S. John illustrates the following: An obvious physical reference to the intense light of the sun on the sand foreshadows, in a figurative sense, the violence that is to follow. The colour of the sand under the sun’s rays suggests the shedding of blood (S. John). By using implicit metaphor, Camus widens the influence of the sun and highlights its principal role in the murder. According to literary critic Philip Thody, â€Å"Meursault, the central figure of The Outsider, is characterized by his complete indifference to everything except immediate physical sensations† (Thody). As a critical thinker, a reader must logically consider both the interpretations of Thody and S. John in his search for pinpointing Camus’s intentional, negative depiction of the sun. In this manner, one may infer that because Meursault is affected only by physical sensation, and the sun is the source of increasingly hostile stimuli, the sun’s influence directly causes Meursault to end the Arab’s life. Research Papers on Camus's The Stranger EssayMind TravelCapital PunishmentArguments for Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)The Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsThe Fifth HorsemanEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementHip-Hop is ArtThree Concepts of Psychodynamic

The eNotes Blog 8 Ways to Celebrate Poem in Your PocketDay

8 Ways to Celebrate Poem in Your PocketDay With only a few more days left in National Poetry Month, we want to highlight one of the last major events of this month’s celebration: Poem in Your Pocket Day. This year, Poem in Your Pocket Day will be held on April 26. It’s a day to carry around pocket-sized works of poetry to encourage the sharing and spreading of the art. Whether you choose to carry a poem you have written yourself or something by a treasured poet, there are tons of ways to get involved. Participating in Poem in Your Pocket day is all about the celebrating the art of poetry and its impact on our culture. Lets look at eight ways you can get involved with Poem in Your Pocket Day.  Ã‚   Image via Unsplash 1. Share on social media Sharing a poem on social media is one of the easiest ways to participate in Poem in Your Pocket Day. Use the hashtag #pocketpoem to circulate your work and connect with others that are sharing theirs. This is a great way to promote poetry across a variety of social media platforms, and we have a feeling if Emily Dickinson had a Twitter, shed be all over this idea. Image via Unsplash 2. Distribute during your day Handwrite or type up some pocket-sized poetry cards that you can distribute during your daily routine. You can pass them out to friends, colleagues, or even random passersby on the street. If youre feeling inspired, add some color, drawings, or tie them up into little Shakespearean scrolls. Who knows, your simple act of kindness might just inspire someone else to pay it forward. Image via Unsplash 3. Put it on display Find a space in your home, at work, or in another public setting where your poem is guaranteed to be seen. Bulletin boards, refrigerators, and even bathroom mirrors are all great places to display short works of poetry. You could even create a tear-away flyer so   individuals can take a piece of poetry with them. Image via Unsplash 4. Send a poetic postcard When’s the last time you actually received a postcard? Postcards are undoubtedly a great surprise to receive in the mail, so why not personalize it with some poetry? A poetic postcard is sure to be appreciated and admired.  After all, some of the  greatest poets loved writing and receiving postcards, so it only seems appropriate to send a Poe-stcard. Image via Youtube 5. Make a paper fortune teller Back in the playground days, paper fortune tellers were a hot commodity. Why not revive the craft for Poem in Your Pocket Day? You can design a fun poetry inspired fortune teller to spark conversation and entertain your peers. If you have no idea how or where to start, there are a plethora of instructions online. Image via Unsplash 6. Try poetry-inspired origami If you’re feeling crafty, try creating some origami covered in poetry. There are a variety of different shapes and structures into which you can fold your pocket-sized poetry. This is a thoughtful way to pass along poetry in a unique form, which is sure to brighten someones day. Image via Unsplash 7. Create a collaborative piece Create a collaborative poem by writing a couple lines and then hanging it somewhere so others can contribute to it. At the end of the day, collect your original piece and see how many people have interacted with it. Whether it ends up being a fluid poem or not, its an exciting experiment. Image via Suppertime 8. Write on a receipt Writing a mini poem on the bottom of a receipt is a subtle way to pass along poetry. If you need to sign a receipt during your day, before returning it, write a few lines on the bottom. It’s a sure way to make your waiter smile. There are so many ways to get involved with Poem in Your Pocket Day without actually having to carry around a poem in your pocket. I encourage you to find something that you can do to participate in the celebration and help keep the spread of poetry alive in our culture.

Finance Presentation for Apple Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6500 words

Finance Presentation for Apple - Essay Example On top of this, they also sell a wide variety of software, services, peripherals and other networking solutions. A. History - Apple was founded in 1976 by Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak and is considered one of the pioneers in the technology industry. They are now based in Cupertino, California (Kimmel 1998) and since their inception in the 70's, have become one of the most well known brands in the world not only in terms of hardware power but also as an entertainment media, a niche market they have practically dominated for many years. B. Products - While the original product line of Apple were the Mac hardware and software, they have, in the course of their business, diversified and morphed into a company that creates gadgets that combine function, style and entertainment into one amazing and compact tool. 2. Business Strategy - In general, the company is dedicated to provide up to date computing tools and portable entertainment media for a spectrum of users like students, educators, professionals and many others. Apple is anchored on five core principles that have proven to be vital to the company's success in attaining market leadership and profitability. A. A. Digital Lifestyle (Apple Inc., 2007, p.1) - Unlike other companies in the technology industry, Apple has positioned itself as a provider of total digital experience. They have been a trailblazer in integrating various media like music players, mobile communication, video players, cameras and game consoles into one compact but powerful contraption. This stratagem has proven to be very effective in realizing Apple's vision to be the leading technology provider in the world. B. Expanded Distribution (Apple Inc., 2007, p.2) - Another key element in the business of Apple Inc. is their belief in getting closer to their target market. While it is possible to settle for other distribution channels, the company opted to expand their own retail outlet network strategically around the globe. This way, they will be assured that the quality of sales personnel conveying the features and benefits of their products and services will conform to their standard and provide top level customer care and after sales service. This has proven to be effective and efficient for the company as it has enabled them not only to increase their loyal customer base but to ensure repeat sales. C. Education (Apple Inc., 2007, p.2) - While Apple caters to most corporate requirements, they have since been a strategic partner of the academe. As a matter of fact, the company has committed itself in alleviating the teaching and learning process for educators and students respectively by delivering tools and devices that support this process. Apple is a firm believer that technology stimulated education will result to a higher level of student achievement and that technology can play an important role in the learning process as it allows educators and students a wider access to information that used to be limited to the privileged ones. Some of these tools and services aimed at supporting this sector are the Mac computers and Apple TV to name a few. D. Creative Professionals (Apple Inc., 2007

Nurse-to-Patient Ratio legislation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Nurse-to-Patient Ratio legislation - Essay Example The problem of nurse staffing has been a consistent problem since the year 1996. However, it needs to be addressed since patients nowadays know their rights as they are better informed that earlier about their health. Other issues have also contributed into finding a solution for this problem. This includes high levels of acuity, the amounts allocated by the national budget to this sector and finally the retirement age of employees in this profession (Buerhaus, 2009). Understaffing in government institutions has brought about so many problems that affect the well being of both patients and nurses who are meant to take care of them. These problems mostly arise when these nurses work for long hours. This can lead to patients’ mortality as nurses have a significant number of patients to attend to. In such a case, it is difficult for a nurse to detect any change in the health of the patient and consult a doctor. Secondly, it has led to increasing in the number of infections that are acquired in the hospitals by nurses in the course of their duty (Clark, 2005). This is mostly associated with poor working conditions and lack of the required equipments to perform their duties. This has been a consistent problem in most hospitals hence it should be addressed with immediate effect. Understaffing also causes shock among nurses and as well as bloodstream infections. This is because they receive and admit patients with different illnesses. Due to their limited number, a nurse might be overwhelmed by the complicated and challenging tasks. Hence, this policy if enacted will be of great help to both nurses and patients of this country. Finally, it has also caused psychological problems among nurses. This is because these nurses work for long hours, and they have limited time to take care of themselves. A large number of them in the country spend most of their time taking care of patients in hospitals. Hence, sometimes they may be depressed when they see the

Steroids in sports Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Steroids in sports - Essay Example We have witnessed suspension of different players due to the reason that they were involved in taking steroids for enhancing their performance. The steroids are unhealthy for the body and can affect the human body in several ways, and this is the main reason why its usage is unethical. Steroids are illegal and banned in countries for different reasons, but it is still imported and produced illegally. Steroids are harmful for its users and it can badly affect their health. Regular use of steroids can also become a reason of liver cancer and can cause death of the patient (Murray, 1-25). Everyone loves sport, and people want to see ethical game. Mostly youngsters consider players as their role models and ideals, and when they see players taking steroids or drugs to improve their performance, it negatively affects them. The players usually take steroids in two different forms, either in the form of pills or in the form of injections. The physicians should take proper care before prescribing any drug or steroid to their patients. It can badly affect or harm their health. As use of steroid in countries, physicians should make sure that they avoid prescribing any such drugs to their patients at any cost. Steroids damage the skin of the users and internally damage the organs of the human being. It gives strength, muscles, and excessive power for the time being, after that, the players feels worse. These steroids also have side effects, and its users can die because of it. Players should consult doctors only for their fitness and health issues, and should strongly be against any drugs or steroids that can harm their health. Physician and doctors should take blood tests of their patients, so that even if the players are involved in taking steroids, they should stop them and take measures for preventing its usage. The use of steroids is an

Uncogent Argument Essay Example for Free

Uncogent Argument Essay Abortion and the Conscience of the Nation. Human Life Review 30.3 (2004): 58-65. Academic Search Complete. Web. 26 Nov. 2012. Abortions Deleterious Effects on Women: Mental Health, Quality Of Life, and Mortality Rates. National Right to Life News 33.1 (2006): 17. Academic Search Complete. Web. 28 Nov. 2012. Chapter 4: Preventing Unsafe Abortion. Research On Reproductive Health At WHO (2002): 37-41. Academic Search Complete. Web. 12 Nov. 2012. Bachioch, Erika. Embodied Equality: Debunking Equal Protection Arguments For Abortion Rights. Harvard Journal Of Law Public Policy 34.3 (2011): 889-950. Academic Search Complete. Web. 24 Oct. 2012. Cannold, Leslie. Chapter Four: Women, Ectogenesis, and Ethical Theory. Ectogenesis. 47-58. n.p.: Editions Rodopi BV, 2006. Academic Search Complete. Web. 2 Nov. 2012. Coleman, Priscilla K. Unfathomable Lies and a Naive Public: Abortion and Mental Health. National Right To Life News 37.11/12 (2010): 24. Academic Search Complete. Web. 26 Nov. 2012. Hamblen J. PTSD in Children and Adolescents: A National Center for PTSD Fact Sheet. Accessed Veterans Administration Web site on February 10, 2006. Lopez, Raquel. Perspectives On Abortion: Pro-Choice, Pro-Life, and What Lies In Between. European Journal Of Social Science 27.2-4 (2012): 511-517. Academic Search Complete. Web. 26 Nov. 2012. Watson, Katie. The Unacknowledged Consensus on Abortion. American Journal of Bioethics 10.12 (2010): 57-59. Academic Search Complete. Web. 24 Oct. 2012. WHO (May 2011). â€Å"Reproductive Health Library.† World Health Organization. Web. 11 Nov. 2012.

Relationship between the mind and the brain

Relationship between the mind and the brain For centuries, philosophers and scientist have been trying to solve the problem of the mind-body (brain). The most prolific of the minds has wandered sleeplessly, trying to solve the mind-brain problem, yet, the mysteries behind our skulls remain hidden. This paper is an attempt to address the causality problem of the mind and the brain. Firstly, an overview over the philosophical theories will be done. Subsequently, evaluation of certain scientific findings which may hold the answer will be carried out. Finally, the essay will end with a conclusion about these findings. Part of the problem is whether one, (the mind or the brain), could plausible exist given the existence of the other. If this is the case, how are they associated? Does a relationship exist or are they two distinct realms. Many philosophers and scientists have made an attempt to explain and resolve the mind-brain problem. Two major philosophical theories have been proposed as a solution; dualism and monism. Followers of the dualistic theory argue that there are two fundamental entities mind and brain. The mind and the brain functions separately, without interchange. Conversely, monistic advocates, instead, argue that there is only one reality and the mind and the brain are formed from, or reducible to, the same ultimate substance or principle of being. The former, however, is hard to contradict and/or support scientifically and therefore is not popular amongst scientists and psychologists (Valentine, 1992). However, in recent years, a third explanation, pluralism, has emerged. Plural ism is a mix of both monism and dualism. It argues that there is one fundamental reality but it may display different aspect of the reality. In order to evaluate whether a relationship exists between the mind and the brain in the first place, we need to know if what the mind is. One explanation of the concept of mind is (1) conscious experience and (2) the system or program that governs behaviour (Valentine, 1992, pp. 21). For the simplicity, we will consider consciousness as the definition of the mind. However, we need to first explain what consciousness is. In psychology, consciousness is defined as our relative awareness of ourselves and our environments. Additionally, it is subjective for an individual, has changeable intensity and we have a sense of ourselves and our consciousness (Passer Smith, 2007). Consciousness has been studied using modern tools such as fMRI or PET. These studies have showed activation in several brain areas for a stimulus that is normally associated with a certain brain area (Dehaene Naccache 2001; Haier et al., 1992). Global workspace theory suggests that the otherwise independent brain reg ions functions as network enabled by the consciousness (Baars, 2002; Baars, 1997). Additionally, observational studies have indicated that certain brain injuries (blindsight, visual agnosia) have resulted in the loss of aspects of consciousness (Goodale, 2000; Kentridge et al., 2004; Weiskrantz, 2002). If we then assume that the mind is conscious experience, does the mind control the brain or is the mind a result of neural activity? Libet, Gleason, Wright and Pearl (1983) found that neural activity precedes conscious experience of indenting to act (the so-called readiness potential, RP). In a replication of this study by Haggard and Eimer (1999), awareness of movement followed a later module of the RP, the lateralized readiness potential (LRP). LRP represents the neural activity over the motor cortex in the hemisphere that controls the opposite side of the body. Haggard and Eimer (1999) suggested that awareness of movement may arise from neural processes linked to the selection of a n action to follow a certain goal. Additionally, part of the medial frontal cortex has been identifies as being responsible for intentional actions. Conversely, Haggard Libet (2001) note that the delay of conscious experience to the actual experience itself may be due to the P-centre phenomenon (Morton et al., 1976 c.f. Haggard Libet, 2001)., which originally refers to that the perceived onset of a acoustic words delays its actual onset, and seems to be drawn by the centre of the word. It is argued that this can be equally applied to internal events as intentions might also be extended in time. Haggard Libet (2001, pp. 7), argue that the earliest stages of that process could perhaps precede the LRP onset. However, new findings on cellular memory may oppose the notion consciousness being located only in the brain. A Japanese research group showed that an amoeba learned the patterns of a series of shocks at regular intervals and accordingly changed its behaviour in anticipation of the next one to come. Remarkably, the memory stayed for hours, even then the shocks stopped. A single renewed shock after a silent period left the plasmodia expecting another to follow in the same rhythm it learned earlier (Saigusa, Tero, Nakagaki Kuramoto, 2008). Additionally, these amoebas could also negotiate mazes and solve simple puzzles (Nakagaki, Yamada, TÃ ³th, 2000). The implications of these studies could go so far that it could be argued that consciousness may arise from some cellular or sub-cellular level of organization rather than nerve circuitry. There have been cases where organ receivers have unexplainably inherited traits which were not there prior to the transplantations. Although these cases are arbitrary and vague and there may be several other plausible explanations, the stories are interesting and may lead to some serious scientific investigation at some point in the future. On the other hand, conscious experience alone can not account for the mind as a majority of our behaviour also occur unconsciously. Jaynes (1986) listed several things such as, size, brightness, etc. that is preserved by our nervous system under widely varying environmental changes of light, distance etc. Additionally, consciousness is not necessary for learning. Conditioning, for example, is often subtly induced by some stimuli without our awareness. In fact, being conscious during conditioning hinders the effect of it once we are aware of the eventuality (Razran, 1971 c.f. Jaynes, 1986). If we, instead, discuss the concept of mind in terms of a system or program that governs behaviour (Valentine, 1993, chapter 3, pp. 20), the mind can be attributed a totally different role. It is established that the frontal lobes has a major role in our personality. The prefrontal cortex has a superior role in the neuropsychological system. It has access to a vast amount of information that is sto red and is processing in the brain. Additionally, it is able to directly and indirectly control activation of the cerebral resources. In particular, the dorsolateral region of the prefrontal cortex has been identified as being responsible for coordination, psychological control and executive functions. The motor and sensory network is closely weaved together with the area, which enables it to have full access to information about the condition of the own body and the surrounding world as well as having the opportunity to integrate with the environment. It has also a close relationship to the orbital cortex, which is associated with our thoughts, decision-making and behaviour influenced by emotional and social values of situations as it has a high number of interconnections with the limbic system. Damage to the dorsolateral region is characterized by loss of the ability to take initiative, psychological independence and integrity. The patient becomes passive, impulsive and aimless. S he is not able to mobilize and orient attention or thoughts in an organized manner. However, as prefrontal cortex is highly complicated, it has been difficult to closely investigate exactly what sort of psychological work that bark area executes, which has made this part of the brain a riddle to be solved (Eriksson, 2001). Considering these facts and the fact that the dorsolateral cortex is highly situated in the hierarchy of the brain, it could be argued that the area is the place where the mind resides. In this sense, the mind is an extension and the superior of the brain. Evolutionary speaking, this would make sense. According to Paul MacLean, three distinct brains emerged successively in the course of evolution and co-inhabit the human skull. These are, in evolutionary-time order, reptile brain, limbic brain and the neo-cortex (Holden, 1979). These three parts do not operate independently of one another; rather, they have established numerous interconnections through which they influence another (Passer Smith, 2007). In a similar way, the mind might somehow evolved in parallel with the neo-cortex. Nevertheless, in brain surgeries on monkeys showed bluntness in all of aspects of their emotion. Myers (c.f. Eriksson, 2001) noted the animals loss of noises, facial expressions and, general, all forms of communication. The animal, generally, suffers from hyperactivity, mutism and behaves like an automat. However, the idea that the prefrontal cortex is the seat of the mind lacks any real scientific support or research as it would be very difficult to determine how it is possible as the mind is a non-physical substance. Yet, future minds, with the assistance of perhaps new and more advanced technology may find a way to tackle this issue. In sum, we have first used consciousness as the definition of the mind and tried to address the relationship of consciousness to the brain. Scientific evidence has supported the notion of brain activity causing consciousness. However, these studies have had some methodological issues which need to be dealt with. Additionally, we have established that consciousness alone may not account for the mind as many of our processes also occur outside awareness. Instead, we have identified the prefrontal cortex as the seat of the mind. However, this is hard to prove and explain at present time. In conclusion, the sort of a problem the mind and brain is makes it difficult to construe and study scientifically as it is hard to conduct decent experiments on. For now, science needs to mature further in order to answer whether a relationship exists between the mind and the brain along with the direction of the relationship.