Communication and Crisis paper Essay

When a certain crisis is going or a situation at the time then the emergency management office is going to be communicating with one another inside of the office and also outside of the organization as well. When dealing with and issue or matter however you look at it no matter what but also sometimes to it can be very difficult for the organization to meet up with one another at the time to get information about what is going on in the community or town during the time. But when you are working with so many different organization at the time communication can be hard for all of them that why you to come up with an idea for the groups or organization when discussing a certain topic with information you have it must be a design timely matter for things to be cover and also each member must be available while working with one another and also be very cooperation to when it comes to the organizations so you won’t cause the public to have an panic attack about the matter that is going on in the community. That which could cause a lot more of problems down the line for the town as well your own self while a crisis is going on that is why the emergency management office have to be very carefully what they say on news and television and the radio broadcast station about a crisis so they don’t put people under more pressure while communicate about the crisis that is involved the community. When a crisis is taking place at a certain time there are going to be many advantages and challenges with every organization as well to for the public no matter what. The one thing you have to do is make sure there are no challenges or advantages that might make the people in the community have a panic attack or a nervous breakdown while a crisis is going on that which  harms them at the time. But when the emergency management office get certain information about a crisis at the time they must get expertise information from other resources that is adequate when dealing with a certain matter that is why they take precautions also to as well to. Because when a certain crisis is going on people can breakdown under pressure so this is why the organizations should be prepared for things like this also there should be more integrated communication plan in place while collaboration with one another at the very moment about a topic or crisis. Differences in communication processes what one has learned from the scenario and how one might incorporate that knowledge to improve healthcare communication strategies? I know there are so many different types of communications processes that you can used when dealing a certain situation or crisis at the time. But also you must have effective communication with one another while a crisis is going on and making sure you have a better understanding as well to. I think the best way to go with communication method is the effective way because every little thing will be on the television, news station and the radio station along with the social media to because when a certain crisis is going on at the time one must find a way to communicate about the situation or matter that is why now it is a lot more of technology available to communicate today around the world. When trying to send a message out to others that is why one must find out what communication strategy method work for them best when trying to improve healthcare communication skills with one another at that time in the field of medical. Appropriate technology like social media and how technologies may be used to enhance communication when a crisis is going or even an certain situation at the moment there are certain things that should be used and appropriate to use or say in the social media while you are reach out to a lot of people around the world at the time like this. Because sometimes people can go online and add more things about the crisis or situation that might not even be true at all that is why the organization must be very carefully when sending out a message to the public about a certain topic or matter also the  social media must have information to back up a crisis that is happened while they are communicate about topic with information that is mostly reliable and telling the truth as well also before it even get out to the public. Because you don’t want to send out the wrong message to the public because that will be worldwide no matter what also the technology should enhance their communication skills during and time like this in the social media but in the healthcare field they should try to come up with a lot more of communication theory that is going to be very effective in a crisis by having more advancement in technology. How technology may be used differently now then it was during the crisis is in certain crisis at the moment that is going on one must use the appropriate communication skills strategy that fit them very best to their ability with the most accurate information in an crisis form of communication that is being broadcast all over the different types of networks at the very important moment. This is why one must have a certain type of communication method while working with technology today in the social media spotlight that is going to be on the local television stations and radio station as well also to for the emergency management technologies while they are reaching out to the population around the world about a main disaster crisis at the time with updated information in a more timely manner. Media opportunities during a crisis The media have so many different opportunities when it comes to an crisis that is taking place at the time with television airtime and news station and radio station as well also to with the newspaper no matter what. Because this is a lot more of good media time for them with many more opportunities as well when they look at it for the time being that which will put them on top in the big spotlight by promote their self and business to because they know many people are going to watch the news for information about a certain crisis or issue that is being broadcast as well that is going be good for publicity In an crisis that is going on at the moment it is an essential to have good  communication skill for the people inside of the community at the time by let them know what it is going and also by not causing any problems or panic attacks by trying your best to describe what is being done as possible to prevent this matter. By having good communication skills strategy when it all comes down to communicating with each other in all of these types of organization in the field so everyone can get the information in a timely manner and order as well to. But however you look at it there are going to be some challenges and advantages while things is being address to the public about certain situation when talking to the community and town of people. And also when one is discussing an crisis at the time they must make sure it is appropriate to the technology as well also to with the social media that they are going to using in the spotlight and also this is a very good opportunity to the media as well to while a crisis is going on that is a competitions. References Du Pre, A.(2005) Communicating about health: current issues and perspectives (2nd Ed) Boston, M.A MC Graw Hill J, S . H . & Randolph, T.B. (2002) toward a synthesis model for crisis communication in the public sector Journal of business and technical communication Retrieved on June 13, 2013 from proquest database Stephenson D, R (1982) How to turn pit falls into opportunities in crisis situation: public relation quarterly retrieved on June 14, 2013

A day of sorrow is longer than a month of joy Essay

This Chinese proverb renders (redÄÆ') in a synthetic way the fact that we perceive the time in a subjective way, according to the moods created by the reaction to the events that we go through. When we pass through unpleasant event of life, we feel weak, vulnerable, even hopeless and everything seems to go wrong in our life; so, time seems longer than it actually is. On the other hand, when we live happy moments , everything seems to go perfectly , we get enough power to improve our life, our family ties , our relationships with other people and we are more satisfied with ourselves. But, why do we feel that a day of sorrow is longer than a month of joy ? It is said that unhappiness is a completely rational response to certain losses so when we lose our self- confidence, or our health, our family ties, our friends or even when we do things which are unpleasant for us, we end up by feeling bad and time seems to freeze. But, when we feel fulfilled or when we do things that we like, we feel good and time seems to fly. The problem is that most of us tend to stay with what we know rather than choose any form of change. As a result, we continue to be unhappy. If we decide to change things, however, then we begin a journey that only we can map out. We should allow ourselves to face up the fact that it is possible to actually get rid of doubts and learn to be more contended with our life. This will bring a change of many aspects in our life including our outlook, our relationships and our choices.

Americas Democracy

The United States is a republic, or a representative democracy. Democracy, the word conveyed to us from Greece literally means the rule of people (romantic, July 8). This broad definition, who is human beings of, how they to reign, and do not answer to the important details, such as that they should follow (July 8). Defining answers to these questions means to define a model for democracy. William E. Hudson, in his book America in the crisis of democracy: conservation, development, diversity, and participatory democracy (Hudson, 8-19) defines four models. Democracy in the United States is the type of government that the US uses everyday. In the United States, democracy is now dominated. If America becomes democratic, people have their own opinion. Democracy has meaning and value. Democracy is a system that the government uses to comply. This Government's values ​​are designed to satisfy American citizens and their needs. Democracy seems to be different from the type of citizens making up the American society. Multiple American democracy American democracy Over the years, American democracy has changed. We have started to build a republic and still exist to some extent but otherwise we became a democratic country and to some extent became a socialist country. We still have voting colleges and electoral colleges. This is an example of how we are still a republic. One example of how we look to democracy is the union. When labor unions gather and cast a vote in favor of strikes etc ... that is ... ... democracy is a form of government with equal opinion on the decisions that all qualified citizens affect their lives . . With democracy, qualified citizens can participate equally in proposal, development and legal development, either directly or through elected representatives. It includes social, economic and cultural conditions that allow equal execution of freedom and political self-determination rights Is the United States a representative democracy ? The United States can be expressed as representative democracy It may be said that there are technical differences. The term representative democracy is to mean comparatively non-democratic republics You can use it, but please watch this conversation. Why do people say that America is not a democracy but a republic? Usually, it is a semantic problem, sometimes a political party problem, but sometimes people get absorbed in technical terms. For the basic government type, democracy implies direct democracy in this regard, and America says it is not direct democracy, it contains only a few alternatives. Americas Democracy The United States is a republic, or a representative democracy. Democracy, the word conveyed to us from Greece literally means the rule of people (romantic, July 8). This broad definition, who is human beings of, how they to reign, and do not answer to the important details, such as that they should follow (July 8). Defining answers to these questions means to define a model for democracy. William E. Hudson, in his book America in the crisis of democracy: conservation, development, diversity, and participatory democracy (Hudson, 8-19) defines four models. Democracy in the United States is the type of government that the US uses everyday. In the United States, democracy is now dominated. If America becomes democratic, people have their own opinion. Democracy has meaning and value. Democracy is a system that the government uses to comply. This Government's values ​​are designed to satisfy American citizens and their needs. Democracy seems to be different from the type of citizens making up the American society. Multiple American democracy American democracy Over the years, American democracy has changed. We have started to build a republic and still exist to some extent but otherwise we became a democratic country and to some extent became a socialist country. We still have voting colleges and electoral colleges. This is an example of how we are still a republic. One example of how we look to democracy is the union. When labor unions gather and cast a vote in favor of strikes etc ... that is ... ... democracy is a form of government with equal opinion on the decisions that all qualified citizens affect their lives . . With democracy, qualified citizens can participate equally in proposal, development and legal development, either directly or through elected representatives. It includes social, economic and cultural conditions that allow equal execution of freedom and political self-determination rights Is the United States a representative democracy ? The United States can be expressed as representative democracy It may be said that there are technical differences. The term representative democracy is to mean comparatively non-democratic republics You can use it, but please watch this conversation. Why do people say that America is not a democracy but a republic? Usually, it is a semantic problem, sometimes a political party problem, but sometimes people get absorbed in technical terms. For the basic government type, democracy implies direct democracy in this regard, and America says it is not direct democracy, it contains only a few alternatives.

Biography Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Biography - Assignment Example Samantha has always thought it’s very relaxing and relieving, while also efficiently preparing her body, mind and soul for daunting tasks ahead. Samantha enjoys biking too, alongside other hobbies such as camping. In addition, she loves to sit and enjoy a game of football, baseball, basketball, or hockey either live or on television. In the course of this affection, she has inadvertently fallen in love with a couple of sports teams whose matches she has lately found nearly impossible to miss. She loves cheering her teams on and reveling in the glory and ecstasy of a victorious duel. But nothing bites the heart like a favorite team getting a real hammering from the opponents. In addition, the banters from the opposing fans after such games usually tend to transform into stuff of nightmares for Samantha. Over the years, Samantha has come to appreciate the joy of a good read. According to her, books educate, books entertain, books inform and books increase one’s wisdom. She loves to explore a variety of genres, be it academic, fictional, poetry, short stories, history, real life – she will cherish them. She is the kind that takes their time with books, partly why she intends to have her own personal library collection in the comfort of her home in the future. She takes her time and patience to enjoy what the author is trying to say and the way in which they put their messages across and hence she can take even a whole month on a single novel against the wasteful habit of reading a great, once-in-a-lifetime piece in an unnecessary haste. She prefers hard copies as she finds e-books rather un-enjoyable and uncomfortable. Everyone would tell you that one of the greatest pleasures of life is travelling (travelling to new places, meeting new people, striking new relationships and sampling the beauty of the world). Samantha couldn’t agree

What does Legacy mean to you Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

What does Legacy mean to you - Essay Example The loss of traditional industries has led the urban governments will benefit from this since it promotes a business climate, which in turn stimulates economic growth. Concerning economic growth, measures to strengthen security and flexibility will be put into place. The urban government has a formidable task ahead of deregulation of labor markets that they offer to firm to attract them to London city. Policy enactment is a necessity to control the urban effect that comes along with. This will bring a transformation of the urban environment with the construction of post-modern modern architecture. This architecture is no doubt a spectacle that will make London attractive to tourists and consumer spending. The conversion of the Olympic Village Polyclinic into a long-term training center for the East London community is another legacy of the Olympics. This will lead to the creation of employment opportunities for the East London community (Great Britain: National Audit Office, 14). Socially, London will have an opportunity to convey an affirmative image during the Olympics hence attract non-UK people to live as well as work for some time and even after the Olympics. The Olympics will lead to an increase of commitment to sport. The UK will benefit from social and health benefits, which will become more accessible. Investment in grass roots sport will encourage sport in the UK. Regarding the Autism Awareness Campaign the UK will achieve impressive results in encouraging people with disabilities to take part in sports (publications.parliament.uk). The 2012 Olympics will have a significant political impact. The government at the cabinet-level will be involved in planning and creating the Olympic delivery authority, which will be an oversight to ensure the games are played and continues even after 2012.The minister for the Olympics will be the overall head responsible for the Olympics games (Great Britain: National

Cross Cultural Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Cross Cultural Management - Essay Example (David, 2002, ch2 p29) Just a hundred years back, Britain was a country on which the sun never set. The English language, British customs, traditions and food habits have now become an integral part of life in all her former colonies-all these being integrated into, and modified by local customs. The British character and customs at home, have also been, in their turn, influenced by this close interaction with other cultures. Officially, Britain is a Protestant state, i.e the British monarch is Protestant. The origin of this dates to the 16th century, when King Henry VIII divorced his queen, Catherine of Aragon. As the Pope in Rome did not recognise divorce, Henry declared the English Church free from the control of the Pope. Thus the Reformation of the Church in England was mainly based on the whim of a monarch. Henry then married Anne Boleyn (the second of a succession of six wives that he eventually managed to have!) Queen Elizabeth II, the present monarch is a direct descendant of Henry and Anne. This fact makes it a political necessity for the monarchy in England to officially be Protestant, as otherwise (if it reverted to being Catholic) the current monarch would become the descendant of an illegitimate child (the illustrious Queen Elizabeth I) of Henry's! While the 'official' religion in Britain is Protestant-Christian, the country is a multi-cultural one. "About 8% of the population of Britain (4 .6 million) today are people from other cultures and ethnicities"(Biddle). This includes religions other than Christianity and peoples other than Whites. A living example of the integration of other cultures into British life is the Notting Hill Carnival, which is Caribbean in origin. (Biddle) Coming to some common superstitious beliefs of the British: black cats are considered lucky, and greeting cards often have pictures of them; likewise, a four-leaf clover is considered a lucky find. A horseshoe over the door attracts favourable luck. But it has to be kept facing upwards, to prevent the luck from being drained out from below. Similarly there are actions that attract bad luck-walking under a ladder, spilling salt (you must throw some of the spilt salt over your shoulder to avert bad luck, breaking a mirror (an action that dooms you to seven years of bad luck, no less!) or passing someone on the stairs. (Biddle) The number thirteen is also considered unlucky (many buildings/ hotels do not have a thirteenth floor-the fourteenth floor comes after the twelfth!), and the thirteenth of a month, if it comes on a Friday, is considered an unlucky day. Coming to some social niceties-it must be remembered that the British are rather formal in their interactions. If you are invited to someone's home for dinner, it is considered 'polite' to arrive around fifteen minutes late, unless your invitation says 'sharp' (e.g. "seven sharp") (Biddle) You may receive an invitation to "drop in anytime." You are not expected to take that literally. You must call up a person before visiting. If you receive an invitation that says RSVP, you must reply stating whether you plan to attend or not. If you go to someone's home for a meal, a small gift of flowers or chocolates is considered polite though not mandatory; a thank you note or phone call afterwards is expected. (Biddle) British people can be a bit reserved unless you have been introduced to them. Striking up conversations in public transport (trains) is unusual. If you

The Role of Cost Accounting in Business Planning, Control, and Essay

The Role of Cost Accounting in Business Planning, Control, and Decision Making - Essay Example Modern cost accounting is being termed as management accounting, since managers being the primary user of accounting information are increasingly using the data provided by the accounts, setting objectives and controlling the operations of the business. Today cost accounting is much more than an inventory cost tracking system. Cost accounting involves determining the costs of products and activities, but it does have a broader role; to furnish management with information used in planning and controlling activities, in improving quality and efficiency, and in formulating strategic policy. To be more specific, cost accounting can help management achieve the following: †¢ Formulating and implementing plans and budgets that motivate employees toward the achievement of company goals. †¢ Establishing cost tracking methods that allow control of operations, cost savings and improvement in quality. †¢ Controlling inventory cost, minimizing inventory investment, and determining the cost of each product or service. †¢ Pricing products and services in ways that are congruent with organizational goals. †¢ Making prudent decisions that impact both short-term and long-term revenues and expanses. Technological changes and management innovations are drastically changing the nature of costs. Many technologically advanced companies have lower inventory levels; use less labor and often experience increasing levels of fixed costs. These developments are interesting and exiting, but they are also challenging cost accounting systems to provide reliable, useful information, data that can be used to keep an organization efficient and most of all competitive in the global market. The cost and management accounting is responsible for generating financial information required by the firm for internal and external reporting. This involves responsibility for collecting, processing and reporting information that will help managers in their planning, controlling and other decision making activities (Hanson & Mowen, 2005). The detailed formulation of future actions to achieve a particular end in the management activity called planning. Planning therefore requires setting objectives and identi fying methods to achieve those objectives. An organization may have the objective of increasing its short term and long-term profitability by improving the overall quality of its products. By improving product quality, the organization should be able to reduce scrap and rework, decrease the number of customer complaints and the amount of warranty work, reduce the resources currently assigned to inspection and so on, thus increasing profitability. This is accomplished by working with suppliers to improve the quality of incoming raw materials, establishing quality control circles, and studying defects to ascertain their causes. So cost accounting plays major role in management planning and control of organization. Similarly cost accounting plays effective role in the decision making process in the organization as well. The process of choosing among competing alternatives is decision making. Decision can be improved if information about the alternative is gathered and made

The operating statement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The operating statement - Essay Example Variable costs are costs are those, which vary with the level of activity while fixed costs are those, which are constant irrespective of the level of activity. However, the increase or decrease of fixed costs is not related to the level of activity alone as they may though change over a period. Variable costs on the other hand are directly related to the business activity; they include costs such as those for raw materials and inventory. They vary in the sense that the more of each you need in production the more the costs will increase (Czopek 2004). When the budgeted of these costs is more than the actual, then the discrepancy is termed as an adverse and a control measure must be put in place in actual/real time (Czopek 2004). The operation statement will therefore help the management in identification of each of the costs, when they are favorable as well as when they are adverse and formulate the control mechanisms for normal operations. As there is no single direct way or strate gy of cost management and control, the mangers will be forced to examine the whole business strategy and make a determination of how to achieve a cost reduction without interfering with the business operations. Variable cost control Variable costs will rise with expansion in production and fall when production falls; this is quite useful for effective decision-making. They include costs such as those for raw materials, packaging and direct labor (Czopek 2004). The operating statement shows clearly a Budgeted gross profit of 18339.30 pounds. As indicated by the variable costs variances, they are adverse as shown: - Sales volume profit variance = (2,130 – 2,100) ? 8.61 = ?258.3 (A) and Sales price variance = (15.0 – 14.5) ? 2,100 = ?1,050.0 (A). Material M3 price variance = (1.55 ? 1,050) – 1,680 = ?52.5 (A), Material M3 usage variance = ((2,100 ? 0.6) – 1,050) ? 1.55 = ?325.5 (F), Material M7 price variance = (1.75 ? 1,470) – 2,793 = ?220.5 (A) and Material M7 usage variance = ((2,100 ? 0.68) – 1,470) ? 1.75 = ?73.5 (A). Direct labor rate variance = (7.2 ? 525) – 3,675 = ?105.0 (F), Direct labor efficiency variance = ((2,100 ?14/60) – 525) ? 7.2 = ?252.0 (A), Variable overhead expenditure variance = (2.1 ? 525) – 1,260 = ?157.5 (A), Variable overhead efficiency variance = ((2,100 ? 14/60) – 525) ? 2.1 = ?73.5 (A). In order to achieve the budgeted profit, the management will have to do something about the adverse variable cost variances, which include those for labor, raw material in terms of material usage and the variable overheads. Material M3 whose price variance is adverse with its usage favorable, the management can look for a cheaper substitute of the same material to curb the negative variance. Depending on the cause of adverse material price variance as indicated by material M7, management will find out, if it is caused by changes in purchase prices, they can find a substitute. If it is caused by substitution of the original with a new material, the management will decide to go back to the original raw material. The management by help of the operating statement will be able to device other ways of controlling the adverse material cost variance by deciding to look for materials which have cash discounts and buying from suppliers who offer transportation and storage as after sales services. Direct labor rate variance is favorable with direct labor efficiency variance being unfavorable at 252.0 pounds. The management is therefore able to know the causes of

Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Analysis - Essay Example It stresses mostly on work, and the talents and skills that the company seeks in its applicants (DreamWorks Animation SKG). There is also mention of the diversity among the employees (DreamWorks Animation SKG), and a lot of emphasis on the company’s philosophy regarding its work and its employees (DreamWorks Animation SKG). It does mention that the work is collaborative (DreamWorks Animation SKG), so that is an indication of the fact that employees do enjoy job sharing opportunities to balance work and personal life. Much of the information regarding the work-life relationship of the company can be obtained from the Fortune Magazine website (100 Best Companies). It mentions that the company offers job sharing (100 Best Companies), as previously mentioned, and there is also the option of telecommuting (100 Best Companies), which makes it easier for the employees to work even from home if the need arises. However, the company website explicitly states that the work is very demanding and time consuming, and free time is hard to get (DreamWorks Animation SKG). That could be daunting for an employee who is trying to balance a personal life along with his work. Moreover, the company does not offer compressed workweeks (100 Best Companies). There is a fair chance of a good balance between work and personal life if I were to work for this company. However, given the nature and demand of the work, and my aim of maintaining a balance, I would rather look elsewhere first before settling on this

Statement of Intent describing the events and ideas which led to your Personal - 1

Of Intent describing the events and ideas which led to your interest in fashion marketing major - Personal Statement Example As a result my family always wanted me to pursue a career in economics so that I could oversee the running of our family businesses. However, I always had a strong desire to do fashion marketing ever since I was a small child. I always enjoyed fashion shows that used to be aired on TV (Easey 142). I thought my parents would discover my talent and encourage me to do fashion marketing after high school. Nevertheless, I had to join economics major in college since that is what my family desired for me. I also thought it was a good idea since I had a place to work once I graduated. Something very important happened in my life. I witnessed the strongest act of courage from a friend in school of pharmacy who woke up one day and decided that enough was enough. She could no longer continue pursuing a course in pharmacy against her desires. She transferred from pharmacy to fashion design. That was the day I made a solemn decision to follow the desires of my heart. I must admit that were it not for her act of courage, I would never have made this decision. I have seen so many of my friends pursue careers simply because the careers are promising but not because they have passion for those careers. My friend’s act of courage made me change my priorities in life and take a course which my heart desires. She made me develop immeasurable interest in fashion marketing that I decided to drop a course in economics. I am now totally convinced that fashion marketing is what I want to do with my life and I am determined to give it my best. I believe that I will be successful in this field and more importantly, I will derive joy and happiness doing fashion marketing since it has always been my desire. I thank God for my friend who inspired me. I now have the chance to pursue my dream career. My friends act when she changed from pharmacy to fashion design really inspired me. She gave me a

School-based drug-testing scheme Essay Example for Free

School-based drug-testing scheme Essay Recently,the government has launched a voluntary school-based drug-testing scheme. However, some people suggest that the scheme should be made compulsory so thatit has a real deterrent effect. Write an article for the school newspaperproviding arguments for and against the suggestion. End the article by givingyour own opinion. Give your article a title. DearEditor, Is it necessary to launch Compulsoryschool-based drug-testing scheme? Seven students are arrested for taking drugs. ,Two teenagers died after abusing drugs. Recently, we all become familiar withthe headline like this. It seems that we must take action. There is acontroversial issue about launching the compulsory school-based drug-testingscheme. I would like to discuss both of the perspectives. Making the test become compulsory will have agreater effect of stopping drug abuse. The current scheme is voluntary andstudents can decide whether they join the test. IN essence, students who takedrugs will absolutely not join the test. As a result, these students may stilltake drugs even the scheme in effect. On the contrary, switching the voluntaryscheme into compulsory one is more effective. Every student gave to be testedand there is a psychology effect that they indeed have to face penalty if theytake drugs before. This not only make the scheme become effective but also manystudents are stopped from drugs abuse. Compulsory school-based drug-testing schemelowers the crime rate in Hong Kong. It is known that once a person addict to the drugs, it is extremelydifficult to stop taking drugs. Meanwhile, drugs seller want to make as highprofit as possible, they sell the drugs with expensive prices, Students, whoaddict to the drugs, will use any methods to get enough money to buy drug, Tobe more specific, they may commit crime such as burglary and prostitution, Inother word, the society become disordered and saturated with criminals. Bylaunching compulsory school-based drugs-testing scheme, students tear of thepenalty and hence they stop drugs abuse, which in turn lower the teenager crimerate in Hong Kong. Nevertheless there are disadvantages whenlaunching the compulsory drugs test. Compulsory school-based drug-testing schemeis costly and time consuming. In fact, each test of sample acquires variousinstruments and professionals in order to meet high accuracy. These are themain reasons why the test is expensive, In addition, each test need a lot oftime to give an accurate result. Worse still, several hundred thousands of studentshave to be tested at the same time. A huge amount of money is necessary tosupport the compulsory scheme and a few months or years is required to finish theentire test. Some people may suggest that only a fix amount of studentsselected randomly have to encounter the test. Unfortunately, students may thinkthat they probably not be chosen. Thus the effect of the test is weakened. In my point of view, there is no denyingthat compulsory school-based drug-testing scheme is effective, but usingalternative ways at the same time can improve the situation more efficiently. Enhancing drugs education is a suggestion for government. Students should beeducated more seriously about the drawbacks of drugs abuse such as how thedrugs contaminate their organs especially their brains. These can arouse theirawareness on the disadvantages of drugs abuse. On the other hand, parents arerecommended to pay more time with their children. Love is essential for allteenagers. As they have great stress on them about study, more care can helpthem refuse to take drugs. Nothing but only the corporation between governmentand parents can solve the problem.

The role of the European Parliament

The role of the European Parliament INTRODUCTION The division of powers among an executive, a legislature and a judiciary (Montesquieus tripartite system, The Spirit of Laws, 1748) is the common feature of the national democratic systems. The Parliament/National Assembly as a voice of the people can be considered as the institution that legitimizes system as a whole. Every country has its own parliamentary system, recognized and identified by the citizens. The European Parliament as the EU level legislature was created on the model of its counterparts. However its perception is significantly different. One can compare the internal organization of both, national and European Parliament, status of their members or party system but what undermines all the comparisons is the context in which these bodies are placed. The role of the European Parliament is determined by the nature of the EU and its sui generis character ‘a political system on its own right. It decides on the role of the institutions, division of competences and in ter-institutional relations that differ from those at the national level. Lack of traditional government has a significant impact on the position of the European political parties within the system. There is no executive to identify with nor to oppose to. The European party system is based on two competing principals that posses different resources to shape behavior of ‘their MEPs [agents]- national parties and the European political parties. EU is very often contested because of the lack of the legitimacy. The importance of the European elections is diminished because of the lack of electoral connection with the public and dominance of the national issues (second order elections). The internal procedures as well as decision making process are too complex to be entirely understood by an average citizen. As a consequence there is a different environment for the parties to operate in at the national and the EU level. It generates diverse level of cohesiveness, abilities to control, sanctions and rewards. All these factors decide on the way political parties organize at each level collectively or individually and what are the incentives that determine their choice. Are they in fact weaker in the European Parliament if compares to those in the domestic parliaments in Europe? If it is the case what are the main reasons that make them weaker? Which of the lsquo;principals has more influence? I will argue that due to the different constitutional structure of the EU lack of government performance of the European parties is less apparent than those at the national level. As a consequence the incentives for collective party organization can be indeed considered weaker than it is a case for the domestic parliaments. However evaluation of these incentives cannot be oversimplified. These two levels are interlinked and mutually dependent. Growing cohesiveness within the political groups can be a merit of both: national and European party levels. Importance of the EP (especially after the Lisbon Treaty) draws more and more attention to what does happen in the EP. Its growing power provides national parties with additional incentives to organize collectively at the supra-domestic level in order to maximize effectiveness of their actions. Firstly I will emphasize the main features of the European party system, its structure, mechanisms and levels of collective organization. The first part will be divided in two sections: brief presentation of the nomenclature used in the context of the European parliamentary system and theory of two principals the system is based on. Secondly I will present common incentives for collective party organization, that can be found at both levels. In the third part, I will focus on European dimension of these incentives. Forth part will contain a comparative analysis of two levels: national and European presenting the main differences. Given to the information, presented in the prior chapters, in the fifth one, I will answer what determines voting behavior of the MEPs and internal-party cohesiveness. In the last, sixth part, I will come to concluding statements. I. EUROPEAN PARTY SYSTEM STRUCTURE AND MECHANISMS Structure of the party system in the European Parliament is characterized by its multiplicity of organization levels and actors involved. First of all there are national party delegations which join the European political parties (transnational parties or Europarties) which then create European political groups. These two first levels may result in third although less official one at which political groups cooperate together in order to minimize the influence of other political groups or to build a common front against the other EU institutions such as the Council or the European Commission. Thus one could describe internal organization of the European Parliament as two and a half or three level transnational party system (see Figure 1.1). I.1. DEFINITIONS The European party system is characterized by the complexity of nomenclature which needs to be clarified in order to understand the party organization. Starting from the first component of the structure. National party delegations can be defined as entities within the transnational parties in the EP consisting of MEPs from the same national party. Transnational parties are the group [s] of representatives within a given institution that typically come from the same party family. According to Lindberg et al., in the EP, these transnational parties are also commonly referred to as (transnational) party groups. However, it has to be mentioned that these transnational parties, albeit they create transnational political groups, they are not the equivalent of the latter. In most cases political groups are composed of more than one political party. Not every MEPs belongs to the party that creates the group unaffiliated members. Political groups are not allowed to take part in the campaign for the European elections and cannot be established if the proposed membership consists of MEPs from only one member state. Functioning and organization of the European parties has its legal basis in the Regulation (EC) No 2004/2003 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 4 November 2003 on the regulations governing political parties at European level and the rules regarding their funding. I.2. TWO PRINCIPALS THEORY The principal-agent theory is frequently used by the scholars to describe the relations among the actors involved in the EU policy-making process, namely: institutions and members states. The central problem analyzed [in this theory] is that one actor (the principal) needs to delegate tasks and resources to another actor (the agent) who will take action on behalf of the principal but who has interests and objectives of his or her own. Agent cannot observe the actions of its principal, thus its control abilities are very limited. It creates a serious incentive problem and a necessity of the sanction mechanism to ensure expected outcomes. Principal-agent interaction applies also to the European Parliament. There are two party principals that possess specific resources to shape the behavior of their MEPs. Quality of these resources determines the influence and efficiency of the principals. National parties (principal 1) can use their control of candidate reselection and their control of the process of European elections to influence whether an MEP is elected to the parliament in the first place. European parties (principal 2), in turn, can use their control of resources and power inside the parliament to influence whether an MEP is able to secure his or her policy and career goals once elected. What does the two-principal theory mean for the effectiveness of the European party system? What does it say about the interactions within the system? According to David Marquand, European party system, in order to be fully democratic and effective has to be based on Europe des partis where politics is structured through a party system, and not on Europe des patries where politics is structured around national identities and governments. It would guarantee a higher level of internal cohesiveness and secure the policy objectives. In the European Parliament, there is however a significant pressure from the national parties which may have a strong impact on the final decisions of one MEP or another. When the power of the EP is at stake, MEPs have strong incentive to vote together to acquire more power relative to other EU institutions , to ensure a counterbalance. However, the national parties may be encouraged to exert more influence over their MEPs because of the growing legislative power of the EP. Hence, it can be argued that there will be an increased intervention by national parties to control the activities of their European re presentatives. The functioning of the EP depends to a great extent on the interactions between two principals and the influence of one or/and the other. These interactions are, in turn, determined by a lot of factors. Among the others one can mention: issue covered, circumstances, institutional context and strategies applied by the particular groups. Different incentives offered by them evoke different behavior. Incentives for collective party organization can be common for both levels: national and European, separate or may create a sort of   toolbox of the incentives that are taken out of the box, when there is such a need. II. COMMON INCENTIVES FOR COLLECTIVE ORGANIZATION Collective organization is one of the concept which can be applied to a lot of spheres of political and social science. It refers to the logic of collective action of Mancur Olson and its theory of groups. The main purpose of the collective organization is to reduce transaction costs of what can be achieved by joining the group whose members share the same interests. The most evident form of collective organization in political parties context is the coalition-building. According to John H. Aldrich, political parties are institutional solutions created by rational utility-maximizing legislators to reduce the transaction costs of collective decision-making and solve the internal collective action problems they face in the legislature. There are two main common incentives for collective organization: reduction of transaction costs and solution for collective action problem. Building a coalition is a very time-consuming and demanding process that includes the costs of putting together a proposal, identifying coalition partners and forging a compromise acceptable to a sufficient majority. Going through all these stages every time a party looks for an ally is too risky and does not guarantee sufficient level of influence after all. The existence of political parties reduces these costs by allowing the actors concerned to ‘pre-pack like-minded legislators and form more stable coalition patterns. Coalition-building solves also the problem of collective action in decision making process. Through organizing themselves into a majority party, legislators can receive a higher pay-off in terms of policy then they could achieve as individual legislators. Being a part of a majoritarian coalition is the only way to have enough influence in order to pass a legislation that would secure the policy objectives. Every coalition, once built, has to be cohesive, otherwise it will not play its expected role. Voting behavior of the coalition members determines its power and effectiveness. Transnational character of the political groups, however, can easily impede the internal cohesiveness. There two groups of the reasons that can be mentioned. First one, having its sources in systemic differences as to the political culture, traditions, habits, mentalities, political scene stability (bi- or multipolar), level of dependence on national authorities, attachment to domestic parties, importance of national issues etc. Second one concerning individual features such as personality, knowledge about the issues concerned, language barrier which can hinder the access to informal source of information as well as the informal inter-MEPs relations. The list of the reasons is not exhaustive one. It shows, however, the importance and influence of the national system on the behavior of the MEPs who have been brought up by each particular system. The question arises what can be done in order to ensure a satisfactory level of cohesiveness? What are the instruments that can be used to control voting behavior? The EU party system does not have such an advanced sanction mechanism as it is the case in the domestic parliaments in Europe. Therefore, establishing party leadership seems to be the most effective, if not the only one, solution to compensate this deficiency. There are two possible scenarios that can be applied by the parties. According to the first one, parties can establish a transnational party together with like-minded legislators in order to reduce transaction costs of legislative decision-making. There is no centralized party group leadership and collective action problem of maintaining party unity can be solved through repeated actions. Alternative option assumes the establishment of party group leadership with monitoring capabilities and disciplinary power. These two scenarios give the legislators incentives to fo rm transnational parties at the European level in order to increase their influence over policy outcomes. Apart from having influence on policy-making ‘policy seeking incentive, scholars distinguish two others: ‘re-election and ‘office-seeking. Together, they form a sort of the incentives triangle which defines the collective party organization (see Figure 2.1). It depends on the particular system which incentive is more likely to be used. In the domestic parliamentary system ‘re-election is particularly important one due to a great impact of national parties on future career of their MEPs. It has to be born in mind, that this incentives triangle is characterized by mutual dependence on the one hand and inequality on the other. According Thorsten Faas, their relations can be described ‘clear lexicographic order. He underlines importance of re-election goal as the one that decide on the existence of the two others. ‘Without re-election, there is neither office, nor policy. It confirms the importance of the domestic parliamentary system and preliminary incentive it offers. Once, however, re-election is achieved, it creates further incentives that can be applied at the EU level. III. INCENTIVES FOR COLLECTIVE PARTY ORGANIZATION AT THE EU LEVEL ‘Transnational parties are (†¦) a product of national parties, who created and sustain the transnational parties to serve their own policy goals in the European Parliament. Thus, it is in the national parties interest to ensure the cohesiveness in once created supranational platform. ‘Each national party is unlikely to obtain its policy objectives by acting alone. They need an access to transnational level which would open a ‘window of opportunity through which they could pass their goals. Transnational parties ‘help national parties and MEPs, structure their behavior. These two levels of party organization are characterized by interdependence based on mutuality of interests and benefits. National party as an essential subcomponent of transnational party on the one hand. Transnational party as a useful platform and a source of behavior structure on the other. Apart from these inter-related incentives, falling partially in Principal 1 and Principal 2 resources, one can mention other, reserved only for MEPs once they have been elected (See: II.2. Two principal theory; Principal 2). The most important one is allocation of leadership position within the EP. Party groups ‘control important assets within the EP such as committee positions, rapporteurships for writing legislative reports, and plenary speaking time. ‘The most salient reports are allocated to the most loyal MEPs. Another incentive, however less important, is the control of the parliamentary agenda by the MEPs. They do have an influence on what can be included in the agenda, but they cannot decide on whether one issue or another can be kept of the agenda. The larger party group is, the greater influence on allocation of leadership position and agenda control it has. Using the allocation position power as well as (limited) agenda control one can argue that European poli tical groups are able to ‘enforce party line and mobilize its members to unified voting. While analyzing incentives for collective party organization at the EU level, institutional context has to be mentioned. Behavior of the institutions and their members is to a great extent determined by inter-institutional competition. Each of them seeks to preserve its position on the institutional arena and ensure its influence on the issues concerned. In other words, the inter-institutional competition system is based on counterbalance mechanisms that help the institutions prevent the dominant position of one of them. This is the case also for the European Parliament, whose power has been systematically enforcing by the treaties, moving the EP form its position of purely consultative body (Treaty of Rome) and to the one of an active player the decision-making process (veto power). The ordinary legislative procedure introduced by the Lisbon Treaty, entered into a force in 2009, makes the role of the EP even more significant. Collective organization within the EP as well as voting c ohesiveness help the EP to reduce the importance of two other institutions, namely the Council and the Commission. Another level of the competition which is very present in the EP concern party groups. Inter-party group competition determines voting behavior within the groups increasing cohesiveness. It is in the interest of the political groups to ensure a strong position vis à   vis other groups. Following the general rule bigger can more, creating bigger and more influential platform enables the groups to be more competitive and to constitute a counterbalance to the others. As S. Hix et al. argue, ‘the incentive to form and maintain powerful transnational party organization is fundamentally related to political competition inside the European Parliament (†¦) It pays to be cohesive because this increases a partys chance of being on the winning side of a vote and thus to influence its final outcome. IV. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN INCENTIVES IN DOMESTIC PARLIAMENTS IN EUROPE AND IN THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS Among the consequences of the distinct nature of the nation state on the one hand and the European Union on the other (see: Introduction, pp. 1-2) one can find differences between incentives for collective party organization accessible at both levels. The reasons maybe divided into groups which touch upon different aspects: nature of the European election, re-election capabilities, sanction instruments, constitutional structure and general perception of political parties performance at both levels. Domestic parliaments are perceived as the ones that offer their deputies more incentives than it is the case of the European Parliament, where ‘the role of the political parties is much less apparent.Reif and Schmitt coined the term of ‘second-order national elections to underline the importance of the national issues in the election campaigns in Europe. One can also mention very low turnout, ‘weak electoral connection between citizens and European legislators, no ‘brand name at the EU level ‘since candidates do not use a common European label, but the label of their national party. Taking into account these factors, ‘the nature of elections does not [seem to] provide an incentive to act within a cohesive party group that is as strong as in genuine national election. Internal functioning of the EP shows an important role played by the national electoral systems as well as strong a ‘connection between the MEPs and their national parties. The national parties constitute ‘the main aggregate actors in the European Parliament. There are lots of aspects justifying this statement. These are the national parties that nominate the candidates to the European elections. They decide also ‘which of their MEPs will be returned to the European Parliament. ‘National party leaderships have a dominant influence on the future career prospects of the MEPs, both within and beyond the EP. National parties decide which of their MEPs they will support for key committee position and offices inside the parliament and also whether MEPs will be chosen as candidates for national legislative and executive office. There is a clear list of incentives and goal that may be achieved. The most important one is ‘re-election. The lack of this particular incentive to offer at the EU level weakens significantly the position of transnational parties in comparison to their national counterparts. Level of the voting cohesiveness determines the effectiveness of the transnational groups once they are established. It decides if they are able or not to ‘ensure political accountability and consistent decision-making.Domestic parliamentary systems have at their disposal greater sanctions for the behavior contradictory to the party lines. Taking into account what national parties can offer, there is too much to lose if one decide not follow their instructions (cost and benefits analysis). One of the relevant instruments available at the domestic level is the confidence vote attached to a legislative proposal. It can be used by the governmental party or coalition in order to ensure (party) voting cohesion.On top of that, ‘the cabinet, with its prerogatives in the legislative process, is formed along partisan lines and the portfolios are distributed by party leaders. It shows that political parties ‘are crucial at all stages of the making of public policy. The sanctions mechanism within the European Parliament is developed enough to exert an effective influence on voting behavior of the MEPs. There are two instruments which has to be mentioned. Political groups can control their members through ‘whips or by ‘group coordinators in case of the committees. The second one at the disposal of the political groups is ‘the ultimate sanction of expelling an individual MEP or national party delegation from the group. However, political groups make use of this possibility only in extreme cases.Decision of the expulsion ‘has to be supported by a majority of all MEPs in the group and is only credible if expelling the party would not weaken the political group compared with its opponents in the parliament.Importance of the available instruments is limited by their rather theoretical dimension. If we assume that the transnational parties are responsible for the growing cohesiveness within the political groups, the threat of us e of the sanction itself should be sufficient in order to ensure an obedience of the MEPs. However, if these are the national parties which determine the voting behavior, these sanction instruments lose their raison dà ªtre and should be regarded as rather simple provision. Differences between two levels concern to a large extent the constitutional structure. The one of the EU ‘does not (†¦) resemble the structure of a parliamentary system.First of all, there is no traditional government to support, discredit, refer to: identify with or oppose to. No executive ‘which can enforce party unity via a vote of confidence.Only possibility at the EPs disposal is ‘the power to vote the European executive (the Commission) through vote of no confidence. However, the necessary majority (two-thirds majority of the votes cast, representing a majority of the component MEPs, art. 234 TFEU) is very difficult to achieve. Furthermore, the Commission ‘[is not] recruited from a majority coalition within the EP.It has no power to dissolve the Parliament, even for the budgets rejection which would normally have happened in the national systems. One can say that both positive and negative incentives from the part of the ‘executive are very li mited. Nothing to be afraid of and nothing to strive for. Performance of European political groups is weakened by limited abilities of agenda control (in comparison to the domestic parliaments). ‘No transnational party can use agenda control powers in order to keep policy issues which divide the party from arising in the legislative decision-making process (†¦) even if [this particular party holds] a sufficient majority of votes'(see Section III, p. 7). It is the European Commission that has an exclusive right to initiative. The European Parliament can only submit the proposal for legislative act, which then is considered by the Commission. The same applies to the transnational parties in the Council. Thus, Lindberg et al., argue that ‘partisan control of the legislative agenda is only possible if a political camp dominates all three legislative bodies in the EU, namely: the Commission, the Council and the Parliament. Table 1 Party effects on legislative decision-making National parties Transnational parties Electoral arena Selection of representatives European Parliament Yes No Council Yes No Commission Yes No Legislative arena Legislative organization European Parliament Mixed Mixed Council No No Commission No No Intra-institutional decision-making European Parliament Yes Yes Council Mixed Mixed Commission No No Intra-institutional decision-making Mixed Yes (preliminary evidence) Source: B. Lindberg, A. Rasmussen, A. Warntjen, ‘Party politics as usual? The role of political parties in EU legislative decision-making, Journal of European Public Policy, Volume 15, Issue 8, 2008, p. 1114. V. DETERMINANTS OF THE VOTING COHESIVENESS INSIDE THE EP Different factors that determine the voting behavior inside the EP refer us to the theory of two principals mentioned in the second part (see pages 3-4). Which of them has a greater impact on how the MEPs vote: national parties of transnational groups? What does prevail: national loyalty or partisan alignments? Do they necessarily oppose to each other? One can assume that MEPs take their decision being well informed and fully aware of the context of the decisions, their content as well as their consequences. However, a significant part of them are being taken without this knowledge and rationally based analysis. Instead of it, other factors influence the MEPs and their final decision. Three of them seem to be the most important. First, personal relations among the MEPs established as a result of socialization. It concerns especially those first-time elected deputies who are not very familiar with organizational structure of the EP. They are often forced to rely on somebody else while taking the decision. Somebody who, for different reasons, they decide to trust while taking decision. Second, content of the issue discussed and its impact on a vote. If the outcome of the decision is particularly important from a countrys perspective, one could expect that MEP to be well informed about the issue. Then probability that he or she will vote in accordance to the national party line is higher, either. Third, time the decision is taken. One can argue that MEPs are more likely to vote in line with their European party/political group when the leadership positions have not been allocated yet. In other words, it is difficult to apply the well know rule of ‘stick and carrot if the carrot does no longer exist. ‘Despite frequent criticism of the lack of strength of the EP party groups, it is shown that they achieve relatively high and rising levels of cohesion.However, there is no clear answer on ‘whether it is mainly the transnational or the national parties that act as the principals of the MEPs.At least three observations can be made to show the relations between them. First, ‘national political parties make up the European parties strategically choose to vote together and impose discipline on their MEPs even when their preferences diverge. Doing so, they want to secure their ‘long term collective policy goaland not necessarily ‘the immediate outcome of particular vote.Second, MEPs rarely vote against the European party line. Mostly because a ‘high level of consensus between European political groups and national parties rarely forces them to make that choice. Third however, if the conflict between two principals appears they will chose the national on e. One can say that ‘MEPs are ultimately controlled by their national parties rather than European political groups. Importance of the national actors in determining the cohesion of the European parties depends on ‘how closely [nation parties] follow Parliamentary debates and how often the offer guidance to their own members. The national parties are more likely to be directly involved ‘when they are opposed to the group vote or when the issue is of particular national concern.Voting against the majority within the political group does not simply pay if the rate is not high enough. The same applies for the roll-call voting where votes (Yes, No, Abstain) are published in the parliaments official minutes.Votes that are usually taken by roll call concerns decision of rather political nature (not technical one). It gives an extra incentive to ‘show loyalty to the European political groups. Existing studies of roll-call voting confirm this statement showing that ‘MEPs are likely to vote along transnational party lines than national lineswhen such a method is applied. ‘Though the Parliament is organized

The Sampling Strategies Are Identified Sociology Essay

The Sampling Strategies Are Identified Sociology Essay Tikanga refers to the way of doing correct and right things. The traditional and customs that have been handed down through the passages of time. It refers to how researchers enter the research community, negotiate their study and methodology, conduct themselves as a researcher and as an individual, and engage with the people requires a wide range of cultural skills and sensitivities. Researchers have to be respectful and culturally appropriate when engaging with indigenous communities. Kawa refers to values, beliefs and protocols such as working with Maori health providers. Maori committees who have iwi and Hapu reps.This group can support the research through: Tika, checking the research design; Manaakitanga, advising about cultural and social matters; Mann, ensuring justice and equity for Maori and support with participants .It involves collective participation by members of a community within an important event Quota A quota sample is conveniently selected according to pre-specified characteristics specific to the research topic. Characteristics may be according to age, gender, profession, diagnosis, ethnicity and so forth. For instance, a quota sample may be selected according to the comment as 30 Maori females and 20 Maori males diabetes whose age is from 35 to 55 in a group OUTCOME 2 2.1 Sampling strategies are implemented in accordance with kaupapa Maori Quota sampling Quota sampling is a method for selecting survey participants. In quota sampling, a population is first segmented into mutually exclusive sub-group. Then decision is used to select the subjects from each segment based on a specified proportion. For example, an interviewer may be told to sample 50 females Maori diabetes and 30 males Maori diabetes between the age of 45 and 60. This means that individuals can put a demand on who they want to sample. In quota sampling, the selection of the sample is non-random sample and can be unreliable. For example, interviewers might be tempted to interview those people in one hospital where looks the most helpful, or may choose to use accidental sampling to question those closest to them, for time-keeping sake. The problem is that these samples may be biased because not everyone gets a chance of selection. Random sample A random sample is a subset of individuals that are randomly selected from a population. Because researchers usually cannot obtain data from every single person in a group, a smaller portion is randomly selected to represent the entire group as a whole. The goal is to obtain a sample that is representative of the larger population. Subjects in the population are sampled by a random process, using either a random number generator or a random number table, so that each person remaining in the population has the same probability of being selected for the sample. Stratified random sampling A stratified sample is a sampling technique in which the researcher divided the entire target population into different subgroups, or strata, and then randomly selects the final subjects proportionally from the different strata. This type of sampling is used when the researcher wants to highlight specific subgroups within the population. For example, to obtain a stratified sample of diabetes of Maori, the researcher would first organise the population by age group and then select appropriate numbers of 20 to 30, 30 to 40, 40 to 50 and 50 to 60. This ensures that the researcher has adequate amounts of subjects from each age gap in the final sample. 2.2 Sampling strategies are implemented in accordance with local iwi or hapu requirements. 1. The researcher should try to develop a cooperative working relationship with local iwi and Hapu, for example, take some food or financial reward to share with people who participates in the research and whanau. 2. Maori culture should be respected by researcher during the period of research. Researcher should use the material carefully which is from the participants. Make sure using them correctly and appropriately. 3. After all the researches are finished, the researcher should inform the participants and whanau what has been chosen and written in the report and ask the permitting for using those information in the report. OUTCOME 3 3.1 The impact of colonization on hauora at regional and national levels is analysed in accordance with culture customs. Colonisation has had a huge impact on Maori health. Social factors like poverty, inferior housing, severe overcrowding, poor standards of domestic and community hygiene, racial discrimination, educational disadvantages, high unemployment rates and heavy dependence on social welfare along with limited access to affordable and nutritious food and poor understanding of health and nutrition all increase the risk of chronic disease in indigenous people. Maori Regional : He tangata I kakahuria ke te rimu noana e kore e ora ki te noho tuawhenua; which means literally: a person covered with seaweed will not survive dwelling inland. It gives a sense that for a person accustomed to living by the seaside and feasting on kaimoana/seafood, they will have difficulty in adjusting to living inland in an entirely different environment. When Europeans came to these lands, things changed, and today we see that Maoris have become reliant on fast foods, and high-risk behaviours like poor nutrition, alcohol abuse, cigarette smoking and a sedentary lifestyle. Westernised lifestyles also dictated regular meal times which Maori did not/do not often adhere to. National : Pushed by the European to low lying villages, Maori left behind them fern roots, kÃ…Â «mara, fish, birds and berries, and they progressed to foods like flour, sugar, tea, salted pork, potatoes, along with smoking, alcohol and drug misuse, less exercise, over-eating, and long-term unemployment. While infectious diseases declined and population decline slowed, urbanization brought about other health risks with this change in life-style and genetic influences. Most Maori who live in deprived areas and have low income are more prone to less healthy. There is a strong link between diabetes and low income (low socio-economic), poor quality of life, social deprivation and also limited access to health care services. OTHER INDIGENOUS : THE NATIVE AMERICAN INDIANS Regional : Years ago, Native Americans did not have diabetes. Elders can recall times when people hunted and gathered food for simple meals. People walked a lot. Now, in some Native communities, one in two adults has diabetes. A hunting-gathering lifestyle does not favour excess food consumption. The majority of time is spent in subsistence with intermittent feasts, and occasional famines. During times of food abundance, the ability to save excess energy for famine (i.e., be thrifty) would confer a selective advantage, and the genes would spread throughout the population. Currently, most indigenous peoples live sedentary, westernized lifestyles. Food is plentiful, and little physical work is required. However, the thrifty genes are still in action. They promote too much insulin, obesity, and type 2diabetes. The formerly adaptive thrifty gene is a maladaptive remnant of a hunting-gathering lifestyle. National : Native Americans and Diabetes since the arrival of Columbus in 1492, American Indians have been in a continuous struggle with diseases. It may not be small pox anymore, but illnesses are still haunting the native population. According to statistics, Native Americans have much higher rates of disease than the overall population. This includes a higher death rate from alcoholism, tuberculosis, and diabetes than any other racial or ethnic group. Recent studies by Indian health experts show that diabetes among Indian youth ages 15-19 has increased 54% since 1996 and 40% of Indian children are overweight. Even though diabetes rates vary considerably among the Native American population, deaths caused from diabetes are 230 percent greater than the United States population as a whole. Diabetes is an increasing crisis among the Native American population. 3.2 The impact of colonization on the cultural base and the effects these have on health are analysed in accordance with cultural customs. Maori Customs and language : During and after colonization Maori customs and language were majority assimilation by westernized. Because of assimilation policy the young Maori generations were separated from Kaumatau, whanau, hapu and iwi. The elderly knowledge, customs and language were reduced the roles in community. Language is a fundamental part of identity. In the decades following the signing of the Treaty, the number of native speakers reduced to the point where the language was dying out. Government has in the last 20 years supported indigenous efforts to revive te reo through kohanga reo (preschool language nests) and kura kaupapa (schools). Many Maori use English for daily living but doctors may meet older Maori who prefer to speak te reo, and younger Maori who assert their rights to converse in their own language. The doctor should have knowledge of available translation services in their region and should learn how to pronounce Maori words correctly. This can be a powerful mean s of engaging with Maori patients and enhance the chance of establishing a strong therapeutic relationship. The lack of knowledge about Maori customs and language effect on providing health services in successful outcomes and a strong cultural belief that worry can worsen symptoms, led them to avoid lengthy discussion of complications. So the kaupapa research and Tikanga Best Practice were launched to be guidelines for health care providers in primary and secondary. Tapu and noa, deep concepts which have often been misinterpreted, are seen as underpinnings of a system of public health in which spiritual and social health are linked with elements of physical health. Maori are dying younger than PÄ keha, because they are poorer, colder, sicker and more socially disadvantaged, are less likely to get help, so Maori health strategy, Whanau Ora strategy, DHB are the policies which government focus on improving the physical wellbeing as well as psychological perspectives. New Zealan d Public Health and Disability Act 2000 recognises the Treaty of Waitangi, by requiring District Health Boards to improve the health outcomes of Maori. Lifestyle : Maori lifestyles change in according with the urbanization and civilization. They go too far from old traditional and get used to have the westerned lifestyles. Such as, enjoyment with fast food, the seniority system was seen as less valuable, tend to less contact with whanau. When the gap between kaumatau and young Maori is wider, it leads the loss of their identity, their spiritual and psychological health. OTHER INDIGENOUS : THE NATIVE AMERICAN INDIANS Reduced physical activity associated with urbanization increases the risk of type 2 diabetes. Changes in activity (i.e., a decrease in caloric output) can be attributed to changes in occupation and transportation. Urbanization moves people into cities where occupations tend to involve less physical activity. And as these occupations tend to pay more than agriculture, more money is available for luxury goods, such as vehicles. These further decreases the amount of time devoted to energy expenditure. Thus a repeating cycle of more money leading to more food and less physical activity, leading to more time to make money creates a lifestyle where obesity and diabetes develop. Changes in the environment as a result of colonization and westernization have been dramatic when compared with traditional indigenous life ways. Westernized societies have dietary intakes vastly different from those practiced traditionally by indigenous peoples. The largest changes are found in the increase in animal fats and carbohydrates, especially secondary to processed foods. Economic globalization has lead to widespread patterns of processed food consumption and lifestyle. This is evident in the number of McDonalds restaurants worldwide. Fast food is synonymous with westernization. However, these foods have little nutritional value when compared to traditional dietary staples, and they have contributed greatly to the rise in non-communicable diseases, such as type 2 diabetes. Indigenous peoples are aware of how colonialism has affected them at a level as fundamental as nutrition. Unfortunately, there are few alternatives at present. The wide-scale socioeconomic changes associated with westernization have impacted traditional foods and physical activities in a way that is not easily fixed. Issues of land rights, equity, and self-government are intricately entwined with current health problems. The inability to access lands, and therefore traditional foods and activities, prevents indigenous peoples from incorporating traditional life ways into current practice. All of these problems associated with colonialism are exacerbated by the processes of modernization and urbanization. When the North Americans settlers took over land traditionally belonging to the Native Americans, this meant the Indians were dispossessed of their own lands. For a culture that was linked inextricably to the land, it was a real tragedy to be separated from their spiritual roots. This sort of action led to a real loss of culture, spiritually and socially. In many cases the Native Americans were herded onto reserves, rather than permitted to freely hunt and wander around their traditional homelands. This loss of freedom and loss of land is a legacy still felt keenly by the people today and lead the increasing number of mental health people. In some cases, they were forced to take on white mans religion as well, although they did have some choice. Missions were introduced, and Natives were aggressively encouraged to convert to Christianity. Most of the groups had had some form of ancestral worship, and this enforced change in religion altered their culture identity. Life in the Americas changed drastically and dramatically with the coming of the Europeans. The worst thing that happened to the natives was the influx of deadly diseases for which they had no immunity. The natives died by the thousands, inundating whole tribes! The second major occurrence was the Europeans killing off the game and chopping down the forests. Then, the foreigners proceeded to kill the natives and drive them from their ancestral homelands. The Spaniards even sought to rid the natives of their customs and languages, requiring them to adopt the Roman Catholic religion. They stole their riches, desecrated their buildings, and reduced once powerful nations to slaves and servants. 3.3 Contemporary issues affecting hauora as a result of the colonization process are analysed in accordance with cultural customs. Maori The manner in which the land was lost was often questionable, and led to considerable protest from Maori. These protests largely fell on deaf ears until the establishment of the Waitangi Tribunal in 1975. Establishment of the Maori Party : The foreshore and seabed controversy, a debate about whether Maori have legitimate claim to ownership of part or all of New Zealands foreshore and seabed, became the catalyst for setting up the Maori Party. The Maori Party believes: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Maori owned the foreshore and seabed before British colonisation; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The Treaty of Waitangi made no specific mention of foreshore or seabed; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ No-one has subsequently purchased or otherwise acquired the foreshore or the seabed; and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Maori should therefore still own the seabed and the foreshore today. Legislation : The New Zealand Public Health and Disability Act (2000) is one of result in order to recognise and respect the principles of the Treaty of Waitangi, and with a view to improving health outcomes for Maori to District Health Boardshttp://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/2000/0091/latest/link.aspx?id=DLM80801 DLM80801 provide for mechanisms to enable Maori to contribute to decision-making on, and to participate in the delivery of, health and disability services. Access and participation : The Whanau Ora Tool is a practical guide to developing health programmes where whanau, hapu, iwi and Maori communities play a leading role in achieving whanau ora. It places Maori at the centre of programme planning, implementation and evaluation. Its aim is for Maori families to be supported to achieve fullness of health and wellbeing, as defined by them, within te ao Maori and New Zealand society as a whole. The key priority is to ensure that community health services are available, accessible and appropriate for Maori; and are of high quality. With many health programmes for Maori, it shows that government recognizes the culture and visible of Maori in society, that result to Maori easily access and participate to health services. The achievement rates across developmental activities are higher than before. OTHER INDIGENOUS : THE NATIVE AMERICAN INDIANS Access and participation : Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) improves access to health care services for all people in the U.S. who are uninsured, isolated, or medically vulnerable and supports health care providers in every state and U.S. territory. HRSA is working with partner Federal agencies and Tribal communities in order to increase access to health professionals, health centers, and affordable health care in hopes of decreasing Tribal health disparities. Health Resources and Services Administration provides opportunities for collaboration with Indian Health Service (IHS) facilities and Tribal organizations to improve access to care for American Indians and Alaska Natives. The two agencies are natural partners in providing comprehensive, culturally acceptable, accessible, affordable health care to improve the lives of Tribal populations. Establishment of movement and organization : Most Native American clans have developed court structures to arbitrate issues related to native rules. AIM-the American Indian Movement-began in Minneapolis, Minnesota, in the summer of 1968. It began taking form when 200 people from the Indian community turned out for a meeting called by a group of Native American community activists led by George Mitchell, Dennis Banks, and Clyde Bellecourt. Frustrated by discrimination and decades of federal Indian policy, they came together to discuss the critical issues restraining them and to take control over their own destiny. Out of that ferment and determination, the American Indian Movement was born. AIMs leaders spoke out against high unemployment, slum housing, and racist treatment, fought for treaty rights and the reclamation of tribal land, and advocated on behalf of urban Indians whose situation bred illness and poverty. They opened the K-12 Heart of the Earth Survival School in 1971, and in 1972, mounted the Trail of Broken Treaties march on Washington, D.C., where they took over the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), in protest of its policies, and with demands for their reform. The American Indian Movement (AIM), which initially created a patrol to monitor police actions and document charges of police brutality. Eventually, it promoted programs for alcohol rehabilitation and school reform. By 1972, AIM was nationally known not for its neighborhood-based reforms but for its aggressive confrontations with the BIA and law enforcement agencies. Indigenous position in general national society : The Native American Indians position in American society is not far different from the early of colonized. Their position is still in the bottom of society even government recognize them and provide many services to support and encourage them to the better lives. But in society, the racism in skin colour still remains. Legislation : In the contemporary relationship between the federal government and federally chartered tribes, as it has reached the present through a number of historical stages, the United States Congress with its powers to ratify treaties and regulate commerce is the trustee of the special Indian status. The trusteeship involves protection of Indian property; protection of Indian right to self-government; and the provision of services necessary for survival and advancement. In the commission of its trusteeship, Congress has placed the major responsibility for Indian matters in the Department of Interior and its subdivision the Bureau of Indian Affairs. In addition to the central office in Washington D.C., the BIA maintains regional offices in 12 states, mostly in the West, with agencies on particular reservations as well. Many Native Americans have positions in the BIA, but relatively few are at the highest positions. The Indian Health Care Improvement Act : Declared elevating the health status of the American and Alaska Native people to a level at parity with the general U.S. population to be national policy. The Indian Health Care Improvement Act (IHCIA), the cornerstone legal authority for the provision of health care to American Indians and Alaska Natives, was made permanent when President Obama signed the bill on March 23, as part of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. The authorization of appropriations for the IHCIA had expired in 2000, and while various versions of the bill were considered by Congress since then, the act now has no expiration date. OUTCOME 4 4.1 Conclusions about the impact of colonization on the hauora of the indegenous people are drawn and substantiated in accordance with the analysis INDIGENOUS MAORI EDUCATION Before the coming of Europeans to New Zealand, the education of Maori children was shared by home and community. From their grandparents and parents they learnt the language and standards of behaviour. In the community they developed skill in fishing, hunting, gardening, house-building, cooking, mat-making, and basketry. The more difficult arts of wood-carving and tattooing were taught by experts while instruction in tribal law was given to the sons of chiefs and priests in a building known as the whare-wananga. The arrival of the European brought far-reaching changes in Maori social life. To meet the demands of the new culture, radical changes in the system of education became necessary. First to accept the challenge were the missionaries who set up schools with the object of converting the natives as quickly as possible to Christianity. The first school commenced under Thomas Kendall at Rangihoua in 1816. The Wesleyans followed in 1822, and the Roman Catholics in 1838. M ission schools rapidly increased in number and their influence spread to the most remote areas. While the instruction was mainly of a religious nature, the Maori language was taught through translations of the Bible and Catechism. There was practical needlework for the girls, also carpentry and field work for the boys. URBAN MIGRATION Following the Second World War, many MÄ ori elected to move from their tribal and rural communities to find work in the bigger centres. While some MÄ ori attempted to bring traditional institutions into the cities by establishing urban marae for example, urbanisation brought major change to the MÄ ori world. Older tribal structures lost influence, and urban-based MÄ ori became educated in western institutions. Äâ‚ ¬pirana Ngata died in 1950, and a new breed of leaders emerged in the context of the rapidly urbanised MÄ ori communities. EMPLOYMENT In Tai Tokerau (Northland) high Maori unemployment, redundancies, high tribal cultural identity wonderful beaches, and forests, have set the scene for the development of indigenous sustainable economic development and tourism industry. The town of Morewa, which relied on the Freezing works for employment came to a halt during the free market reforms made almost the whole town unemployed. Recent work by the Community Employment Group with local iwi, and local authorities have turned around the town to form other forms of development. The town now thrives on tourism, fashion, and arts, agriculture from a Maori perspective through the delivery of Marae Stays, Cafes, Maori Art, Maori Fashion, and use of Maori land for agricultural purposes. Not only in one region but colonization affected whole of New Zealand in terms of employed in both positive in negative way. One good thing was that many Maori got educated and secured themselves employment, while some were left uneducated and unemployed. HOUSING Following the Second World War, many MÄ ori elected to move from their tribal and rural communities to find work in the bigger centres. While some MÄ ori attempted to bring traditional institutions into the cities by establishing urban marae. Many Maori were facing housing difficulties due to land loss, poor education and unemployment. OTHER INDIGENOUS : THE NATIVE AMERICAN INDIANS Education: Euro-Americans began to use education as a means to refine young American Indian children; to kill the Indian and save the child (Barker, 1997). Supported by the government, religious-based boarding schools were established in which Indian children were seized from their homes and forced to attend, typically starting at the age of four or five. They were prohibited from speaking their native language and were forced to abstain from practicing their cultural traditions, and were not released back to their families for about eight years. It is upon the return of American Indian youth back into their tribal communities where we begin to see the powerful negative impacts that forced assimilation have on the indigenous populations. With the youths homecoming, many of these children faced a cultural identity crisis, realizing they were no longer entirely Indian, but they were also not white either. The confusion between two separate cultures and oneself adds even more stress ont o the already complex process of ones identity development. Urban Migration : The U.S. government began actively moving American Indians to cities in 1952 as part of the Bureau of Indian Affairs Voluntary Relocation Program. The program resulted in 150,000-200,000 American Indians leaving reservations for cities such as Chicago, Los Angeles and Denver before it ended in the late 1970s. Today 67 percent of American Indians live in urban areas. Of particular significance is whether urbanization constitutes assimilation and the loss of something authentically Indian. In the dominant narrative, urbanization has become linked to cultural destruction and individuals disconnection from their tribal foundations. many American Indians say they feel invisible in the multicultural urban environment. From the 1950s through 1984, the Bureau of Indian Affairs had a program to assist Indians who wished to relocate from rural and/or reservation areas to such metropolitan sites as Chicago, Cleveland, Dallas, Denver, Los Angeles, and Oakland, where jobs were p resumably available. Urban Indians are more likely to be in the labor force than rural Indians. The most recent figures show that only 25 percent of the Indian population live on reservations, while 54 percent live in urban areas. Unemployment : While white workers saw unemployment soar over the past year, American Indian workers suffered recession-level rates of unemployment long before the recession began. Like black and Hispanic workers, American Indian workers experience persistently high rates of unemployment in good times and bad. Other data suggest the jobs crisis for American Indians may be even worse than the unemployment numbers reflect. In order to be counted as unemployed, a person needs to be actively looking for work. People who have suffered long periods of unemployment often become discouraged and stop looking. Even before the recession started, the employment-to-population ratios of American Indians were lower than those of whites by region. These gaps were very large in Alaska, the Northern Plains, and the Southwest. These three regions are also the regions of the country where the ratio of the Native-to-non-Native population is among the highest (U.S Census Bureau 2007). These facts suggest that the problem of low employment rates among American Indians may be at least partially due to conflicts between the two groups. The Great Recession is hurting all groups, but for American Indians, in some areas, it is worsening pre-existing economic disparities. Housing : Native American Indian tribes are currently plagued by severe housing problems. Nearly forty percent of all tribal homes are overcrowded and face severe structural deficiencies. With sixty-nine percent of tribal homes in overcrowded conditions that often include 18-25 people forced to jam into one and two bedroom homes overcrowding is a vital social issue. These overcrowded conditions and structural inadequacies cause many problems. These structures pose immediate risks to their occupants from structural collapse, improper ventilation, ineffective insulation, health issues, the stress of crowded living conditions, and many other causes. In addition, sixteen percent of Native American households in tribal areas also go without adequate plumbing or lack plumbing altogether. Inadequate plumbing, or the total lack of plumbing, often cause unsanitary conditions that can result in the easier spread of disease, use of unsafe drinking water, and general hardship on these families. Presently, on tribal lands more than 30,000 people are on a waiting list for rental housing. The National American Indian Housing Committee (NAIHC) estimates that 200,000 housing units are needed immediately on Indian lands in order to provide adequate housing. This enormous shortfall in housing is a critical concern for tribal leaders and citizens alike. 4.2 Conclusions about the social status of the indigenous people resulting from colonization, and its related impacts on hauora, are drawn and substantiated in accordance with the analysis. INDEGENOUS MAORI The health circumstances of indigenous peoples vary according to the unique historical, political, and social characteristics of their particular environments, as well as their interactions with the non indigenous population of the countries in which they reside. An example is the Maoris, the indigenous people of New Zealand. We focused on the health realities of this group, in particular the effects on Maori health of health care services designed according to the values and social processes of non-Maoris. Significant differences in life expectancy exist between Maoris and non-Maoris in New Zealand, but the role of health care in creating or maintaining these differences has been recognized and researched only recently. An analysis of Maori health in the context of New Zealands colonial history may suggest possible explanations for inequalities in health between Maoris and non-Maoris, highlighting the role of access to health care. Two potential approaches to improving access to and quality of health care for Maoris are: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ development of a system of Maori health care provider services. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ initiation of cultural safety education. OTHER INDIGENOUS : THE NATIVE AMERICAN INDIANS It is important to recognize that terms such as Native American and American Indian are linguistic devices designed to denote contemporary descendents of a wide variety of tribal nations. Over 550 American Indian tribes are currently recognized by the federal government. In addition, many other tribes are recognized only by state governments, and still others are working to obtain official governmental recognition. Each tribe, whether recognized or not, is informed by a culturally unique worldview. Although Native

The First Female Prime Minister of Canada :: essays research papers

Kim Campbell, Canada's first female Prime Minister, rose quickly in her political standings reaching, what she would find to be the height of her career only seven years after entering politics. It appeared like the loss of the 1993 election and the all around destruction of the Progressive Conservative party was completely Kim Campbell’s fault however actually was a joint effort by Brian Mulroney and Kim Campbell. Kim Campbell rose so quickly in her political status that she did not have the experience that most of the others MPs had at her level. The Tories were finishing their second term in power and the people of Canada were displeased with Brain Mulroney by the time of his resignation. Kim Campbell was voted in as Prime Minister by her party and was not elected by the people of Canada. During the 1993 election Kim Campbell had an American company make a commercial that mocked Liberal party leader Jean Chrà ©tien’s physical disability. Kim Campbell’s first entered politics in 1986. She first won a provincial seat in Vancouver and in 1988 she won her bid for the House of Commons. She had many good ideas, one of them being the USA-Canada Free Trade Agreement. This part of her campaign was recognized by Brian Mulroney who was the current Prime Minister. In 1989 Mulroney appointed Kim Campbell to the position of Minister of State for Indian and Northern Affairs. Later, in 1990 she was appointed Minister of Justice and a year later became the Minister of Defence. Just two years after becoming Minister of Defence and 7 years after entering politics, she ran for leader of the Progressive Conservative party and became Brian Mulroney's successor. Kim Campbell inexperience in the world of politics gave her a huge disadvantage when things started to go wrong. Brain Mulroney and the Tories had been in power for two terms, a total of 9 years. The Canadians had become tired of Brian Mulroney and his Progressive Conservative government, so when it w as announced that he would resign most Canadians were happy to see him go. However his resignation did mean the end of the Progressive Conservatives power in Canada. Canadians unhappy with what the Progressive Conservatives had done chose to elect an other party. When Brain Mulroney resigned there was, in place of a federal election, a leadership convention. The Tories just had to elect a new leader who would then become the Prime Minister.